Why Hydraulic Fluid Matters in Komatsu Equipment
Hydraulic fluid is the lifeblood of Komatsu’s excavators, dozers, and loaders. It powers everything from boom lift to travel motors, and its performance directly affects machine responsiveness, longevity, and fuel efficiency. Choosing the wrong fluid can lead to sluggish operation, premature wear, and even system failure. Komatsu’s hydraulic systems are engineered with tight tolerances, making fluid compatibility and viscosity critical.
Terminology note:

• AW hydraulic oil: Anti-wear hydraulic fluid, typically mineral-based, designed for general-purpose hydraulic systems.
  
• Monograde engine oil: Single-viscosity motor oil, sometimes used in hydraulic systems under specific conditions.
  

• Below 0°C: SAE 10W or ISO VG 32 hydraulic oil
  
• 0°C to 30°C: AW46 or SAE 10W engine oil
  
• Above 30°C: ISO VG 68 hydraulic oil or SAE 15W40 engine oil
  

• Always check the machine’s operator manual for climate-specific charts
  
• Avoid using multi-grade engine oils unless explicitly approved
  
• Monitor fluid temperature during operation using infrared thermometers
  
• Flush and replace fluid every 2,000 hours or annually, whichever comes first
  

• Superior cold-start performance
  
• Enhanced oxidation resistance
  
• Reduced valve sticking
  
• Lower fuel consumption due to improved energy efficiency
  

• Oxidation resistance: The ability of oil to resist breakdown when exposed to heat and oxygen.
  
• Drain interval: The recommended time or usage hours before hydraulic fluid should be replaced.
  

• Identify the leak source using UV dye or pressure testing
  
• Replace hoses and seals with OEM-grade components
  
• Avoid topping off with incompatible fluids—mixing can cause foaming or additive clash
  
• If using engine oil temporarily, flush the system and return to hydraulic fluid once repairs are complete
  

Machine Overview and Historical Context
The Case 455C crawler loader was introduced in the late 1980s as part of Case Corporation’s push to modernize its compact track loader lineup. Case, founded in 1842 and later merged into CNH Industrial, had a long legacy in agricultural and construction machinery. The 455C was designed to bridge the gap between small dozers and full-size loaders, offering versatility in grading, loading, and light excavation.
With an operating weight of approximately 16,000 pounds and a 4-cylinder Case diesel engine producing around 80 horsepower, the 455C was well-suited for farm work, site prep, and utility trenching. Its hydrostatic transmission and mechanical loader linkage made it relatively easy to operate and maintain, even for owner-operators.
Terminology note:

• Crawler loader: A tracked machine with a front bucket, combining the functions of a bulldozer and a wheel loader.
  
• Hydrostatic transmission: A drive system using hydraulic fluid to transmit power, allowing smooth variable-speed control without gear shifting.
  

• Transmission hesitation: Operators often report sluggish response when shifting between forward and reverse. This is typically due to worn charge pumps or contaminated hydraulic fluid.
  
• Loader lift weakness: A common symptom of aging hydraulic cylinders or internal seal leakage. Rebuilding the lift cylinders and replacing O-rings usually restores full power.
  
• Electrical gremlins: The wiring harness and starter solenoid are prone to corrosion, especially in humid environments. Periodic cleaning and dielectric grease application help prevent failures.
  
• Track tension problems: Manual track adjusters can seize over time. Regular greasing and inspection are essential to avoid derailment or excessive wear.
  

• Bucket capacity: ~1.25 cubic yards
  
• Breakout force: ~12,000 pounds
  
• Lift height: ~9 feet
  
• Dump clearance: ~7 feet
  

• Breakout force: The maximum force the loader can exert to pry material from a pile.
  
• Dump clearance: The vertical distance from the ground to the bucket lip when fully dumped.
  

• Replace hydraulic fluid every 500 hours
  
• Inspect cylinder rods for scoring or pitting
  
• Use OEM-spec seals during rebuilds
  
• Avoid overloading the bucket, which strains the lift arms and pins
  

• Track rollers
  
• Idlers
  
• Sprockets
  
• Track tensioners
  

• Check track tension weekly
  
• Replace worn rollers in pairs to maintain balance
  
• Use a track press for pin and bushing replacement
  
• Monitor sprocket teeth for hooking, a sign of excessive wear
  

• Hydraulic filters
  
• Engine components (shared with Case 4-390 engines)
  
• Loader pins and bushings
  
• Electrical switches and gauges
  

• Install seat suspension kits
  
• Add sound-deadening mats to the floor and firewall
  
• Replace worn throttle and travel levers with ergonomic grips
  
• Use magnetic LED work lights for night operations
  

The Komatsu D20S is a versatile and reliable crawler dozer, widely used in construction and mining operations. However, like any heavy machinery, it can experience issues that prevent it from starting. One common problem is when the engine cranks but doesn't start. This guide provides a comprehensive troubleshooting approach to diagnose and resolve such issues.
Understanding the Komatsu D20S
The Komatsu D20S is equipped with a 4D95 engine, a 4-cylinder, water-cooled, direct-injection diesel engine known for its durability and efficiency. The dozer is designed for various tasks, including grading, trenching, and land clearing. It features a hydrostatic transmission system, offering smooth and precise control.
Common Symptoms

• Engine turns over but does not start.
  
• No unusual sounds from the starter motor.
  
• Electrical components appear to be functioning normally.
  

1. Fuel System Issues
   • Air in the Fuel Lines: Air pockets can prevent proper fuel delivery. Bleed the fuel system to remove any trapped air.
     
   • Clogged Fuel Filter: A dirty or clogged fuel filter can restrict fuel flow. Replace the fuel filter if necessary.
     
   • Faulty Fuel Pump: Ensure the fuel pump is delivering adequate pressure. If the pump is malfunctioning, it may need to be replaced.
     
2. Electrical System Problems
   • Weak Battery: A battery with insufficient charge may not provide enough power to start the engine. Check the battery voltage and charge or replace it as needed.
     
   • Corroded Battery Terminals: Corrosion can impede electrical flow. Clean the battery terminals and ensure tight connections.
     
   • Faulty Ignition Switch: A malfunctioning ignition switch can prevent the engine from starting. Test the ignition switch and replace it if necessary.
     
3. Starter Motor Issues
   • Sticking Solenoid: The starter solenoid can become stuck, preventing the starter motor from engaging. Inspect the solenoid and replace it if it shows signs of wear or damage.
     
   • Worn Starter Motor: Over time, the starter motor can wear out. If the motor is not functioning properly, it may need to be replaced.
     
4. Hydraulic System Problems
   • Low Hydraulic Fluid: Insufficient hydraulic fluid can affect the operation of the starter motor. Check the hydraulic fluid levels and top up if necessary.
     
   • Hydraulic Pump Failure: A malfunctioning hydraulic pump can prevent the starter motor from operating correctly. Inspect the hydraulic pump and replace it if faulty.
     
5. Transmission and Gear Selector Issues
   • Incorrect Gear Selection: Ensure the dozer is in the correct gear position. Some models require the transmission to be in neutral for the engine to start.
     
   • Faulty Neutral Safety Switch: This switch prevents the engine from starting in gear. If the switch is defective, it may need to be replaced.
     

• Regularly check and replace the fuel filter.
  
• Inspect and clean the battery terminals.
  
• Test the ignition switch periodically.
  
• Monitor hydraulic fluid levels and quality.
  
• Ensure the transmission is properly maintained.
  

Why Gaskets Matter in Hydraulic Systems
In hydraulic equipment, gaskets play a critical role in sealing joints, preventing fluid leaks, and maintaining system pressure. Whether it’s a pump flange, valve housing, or cylinder end cap, the gasket must withstand high pressure, temperature fluctuations, and chemical exposure. A failed gasket can lead to downtime, contamination, and even catastrophic failure.
Terminology note:

• Gasket: A mechanical seal that fills the space between two mating surfaces to prevent leakage.
  
• Compression set: The permanent deformation of a gasket material after prolonged pressure, reducing its sealing ability.
  

• Operating pressure and temperature
  
• Fluid type (hydraulic oil, water-glycol, synthetic blends)
  
• Surface finish and flange type
  
• Bolt load and torque specifications
  
• Exposure to UV, ozone, or abrasive particles
  

• Nitrile rubber (Buna-N)
  • Good resistance to petroleum-based fluids
    
  • Temperature range: -40°C to 120°C
    
  • Common in low-pressure hydraulic covers
    
• Viton (FKM)
  • Excellent chemical and heat resistance
    
  • Temperature range: -20°C to 200°C
    
  • Used in high-performance hydraulic seals
    
• Compressed non-asbestos fiber (CNAF)
  • Reinforced with aramid or cellulose fibers
    
  • Suitable for moderate pressure and temperature
    
  • Often used in pump flanges and valve covers
    
• PTFE (Teflon)
  • Chemically inert and low friction
    
  • Temperature range: -200°C to 260°C
    
  • Ideal for aggressive fluids and high-temp systems
    
• Graphite sheets
  

• Excellent thermal conductivity and pressure resistance
  
• Used in high-pressure hydraulic manifolds
  
• Can be laminated with stainless steel for durability
  

• CNAF: A safer alternative to asbestos-based gaskets, widely used in industrial sealing.
  
• PTFE: Polytetrafluoroethylene, known for its non-stick and chemical-resistant properties.
  

• Use a gasket punch set or CNC cutter for precision
  
• Avoid over-torquing bolts, which can crush the gasket
  
• Clean mating surfaces thoroughly before installation
  
• Apply a thin layer of compatible sealant only if specified
  
• Store gasket sheets flat and away from sunlight or moisture
  

• Keep a catalog of gasket specs for each machine model
  
• Label leftover sheets with material type and rating
  
• Train technicians on torque patterns and flange prep
  

• Backup ring: A rigid ring placed behind an O-ring to prevent extrusion under pressure.
  
• Spiral-wound gasket: A composite gasket made of metal and filler material, used in high-pressure flanges.
  

The Scope and Symbolism of the East Bathtub
The reconstruction of Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan following the September 11 attacks was not just a civil engineering challenge—it was a symbolic and logistical undertaking of global significance. One of the most complex components was the East Bathtub, a $250 million excavation and foundation project that involved digging down more than 80 feet into bedrock while preserving the integrity of surrounding infrastructure.
The term “bathtub” refers to the slurry wall system originally built in the 1960s to hold back the Hudson River during the construction of the original World Trade Center. After the collapse of the Twin Towers, the wall remained intact, preventing catastrophic flooding. During reconstruction, engineers had to reinforce and expand this system while excavating a massive pit for new foundations, transit corridors, and utility tunnels.
Terminology note:

• Slurry wall: A reinforced concrete wall built in a trench filled with bentonite slurry to stabilize soil during deep excavation.
  
• Bedrock excavation: The process of removing solid rock to create space for deep foundations or underground structures.
  

• Long-reach excavators with rock buckets and hydraulic hammers
  
• Tower cranes for vertical material movement
  
• Rock drills and controlled blasting for bedrock removal
  
• Dewatering pumps to manage groundwater intrusion
  
• GPS-guided survey systems for layout and monitoring
  

• Tieback: A structural element used to reinforce retaining walls by anchoring them into stable ground.
  
• Dewatering: The removal of groundwater or surface water from a construction site to maintain dry working conditions.
  

• Establish a centralized command center for real-time coordination
  
• Use BIM (Building Information Modeling) to visualize underground conflicts
  
• Implement RFID tracking for equipment and personnel
  
• Schedule work in shifts to maximize productivity and reduce congestion
  

• Tripod rig: A three-legged structure used to support hoisting equipment for vertical shaft excavation.
  
• Shaft access: A vertical tunnel used to reach deep underground areas, often for utilities or foundations.
  

• Slurry walls can withstand catastrophic events if properly designed
  
• Deep urban excavation requires constant monitoring and adaptive planning
  
• Emotional and symbolic factors must be considered in public-facing projects
  
• Legacy infrastructure can be repurposed with modern engineering
  

The restoration of a 1980 Caterpillar D6D bulldozer is a testament to the enduring legacy of Caterpillar Inc. and the dedication of enthusiasts committed to preserving the history of heavy machinery. This particular project involved the meticulous refurbishment of a D6D model, showcasing the intricate process and the passion behind such endeavors.
The Caterpillar D6D: A Brief Overview
Introduced in 1977, the D6D was part of Caterpillar's renowned D6 series of track-type tractors. It featured a 140-horsepower engine, making it a formidable machine for various construction and mining tasks. The D6D was celebrated for its durability and versatility, characteristics that have contributed to its lasting presence in the industry.
The Restoration Journey
The restoration process began with a comprehensive assessment of the bulldozer's condition. The machine had been subjected to years of rigorous use, resulting in significant wear and tear. The first step was a thorough pressure washing to remove accumulated dirt and grime, followed by sandblasting to strip away old paint and corrosion.
Once the surface preparation was complete, the team addressed mechanical issues, including overhauling the engine and transmission to ensure optimal performance. The undercarriage components were inspected and repaired as necessary, a crucial step given the D6D's reliance on its tracks for mobility and stability.
The final phase involved a complete repainting of the bulldozer, restoring it to its original specifications. The attention to detail during this phase was paramount, as the goal was not only to return the machine to working condition but also to preserve its historical authenticity.
Challenges Encountered
Restoring a machine of this age presents numerous challenges. Sourcing original parts can be difficult, and some components may no longer be in production. In such cases, skilled fabrication and adaptation are required to maintain the integrity of the restoration.
Another challenge lies in the restoration of the undercarriage. The D6D's tracks and rollers are subject to intense wear, and ensuring they meet the original specifications requires precision and expertise.
The Significance of Restoration
Restoring a Caterpillar D6D is more than just a mechanical endeavor; it's a way to honor the history of construction machinery and the role these machines have played in shaping infrastructure. Each restoration project serves as a reminder of the advancements in engineering and the enduring impact of these machines on the industry.
Conclusion
The revival of the 1980 Caterpillar D6D bulldozer exemplifies the dedication to preserving the legacy of heavy machinery. Through meticulous restoration efforts, enthusiasts ensure that these machines continue to serve as a link to the past, educating future generations about the evolution of construction technology.

The 214B’s Legacy and Design Origins
The Caterpillar 214B is a wheeled excavator introduced in the late 1980s, designed primarily for urban construction, roadwork, and utility trenching. Unlike its tracked counterparts, the 214B offers mobility and speed on paved surfaces, making it ideal for jobs requiring frequent repositioning. Manufactured in Germany under Caterpillar’s European division, the 214B was equipped with a Cat 3116T turbocharged diesel engine and a Linde hydraulic pump system—both known for durability but requiring precise maintenance.
Caterpillar, founded in 1925, has delivered millions of machines worldwide. The 214B was part of its push into compact and mobile excavators, with several thousand units sold across Europe, Africa, and Asia. Though no longer in production, many 214Bs remain in service due to their robust mechanical design and ease of repair.
Hydraulic System Behavior and Common Failures
The 214B’s hydraulic system is built around a variable displacement axial piston pump, typically supplied by Linde. This pump feeds pressure to the boom, stick, bucket, and travel motors. The system is sensitive to oil viscosity, temperature, and contamination.
A recurring issue with aging 214Bs is sluggish hydraulic response after extended operation. Symptoms include:

• Smooth operation when cold, followed by slow or unresponsive movement after 30–45 minutes
  
• Elevated hydraulic oil temperature
  
• Reduced lifting power and travel speed
  
• Occasional complete loss of function
  

• Hydraulic viscosity: The thickness of hydraulic fluid, affecting flow and pressure. Too thick or too thin can impair system performance.
  
• Axial piston pump: A high-pressure pump using pistons arranged in a circular pattern, common in mobile equipment.
  

• Incorrect oil type: Using SAE 40 engine oil instead of proper hydraulic fluid (e.g., ISO 46 or SAE 10) can cause overheating and poor flow.
  
• Clogged cooler: The hydraulic oil cooler may be blocked by debris, especially between the radiator and cooler core.
  
• Bypass valve failure: A stuck bypass valve can prevent oil from flowing through the cooler, leading to rapid temperature rise.
  
• Pump wear: Even a new pump may not solve the issue if the system has contamination or misrouted lines.
  
• Improper plumbing: Reversed or misconnected hoses around the pump and solenoids can disrupt flow paths.
  

• Drain and flush the hydraulic system: Remove all old fluid and contaminants. Use SAE 10 or ISO 46 hydraulic oil suited for ambient temperatures around 25°C.
  
• Inspect and clean the cooler: Separate the radiator and cooler, pressure wash both, and check for internal blockage.
  
• Check bypass valve operation: Feel the cooler during operation. If inlet lines are hot but the core is cool, the valve may be stuck open.
  
• Verify hose routing: Use a hydraulic schematic to confirm correct connections around the pump and solenoids.
  
• Test oil temperature: Use an infrared temperature gun to monitor oil temperature during operation. Ideal range is 50–70°C.
  
• Measure system pressure: Use a hydraulic pressure tester to verify pump output and actuator response.
  

• Solenoid valve: An electrically controlled valve that directs hydraulic flow to specific functions.
  
• Hydraulic schematic: A diagram showing fluid paths, valves, and components in the system.
  

• Don’t rely on guesswork—use data and diagrams
  
• Always verify oil type and cooler condition
  
• Rebuild from known-good baselines, not assumptions
  
• Document every change for future reference
  

• Change hydraulic oil every 1,000 hours or annually
  
• Clean cooler fins monthly, especially in dusty environments
  
• Inspect hoses and fittings for leaks or abrasion
  
• Replace filters every 500 hours
  
• Monitor temperature and pressure during routine operation
  

Westchester County, New York, is a dynamic region characterized by its blend of suburban communities and urban development. This unique landscape has fostered a robust construction and demolition (C&D) industry, supported by a network of specialized equipment rental services. These providers cater to a diverse clientele, including homeowners, contractors, and large-scale developers, offering a range of machinery and tools essential for various projects.
Key Equipment Rental Providers in Westchester County

1. Westchester Tool Rentals
   Established in 1983, Westchester Tool Rentals has been a cornerstone in the local rental market. With showrooms in Elmsford and Peekskill, they offer an extensive inventory that includes mini excavators, skid steers, aerial lifts, and specialized equipment like dust collectors and log splitters. Their commitment to quality and customer service has made them a trusted partner for both residential and commercial projects.
   
2. United Rentals – Cortlandt Manor
   As part of the world's largest equipment rental company, the Cortlandt Manor location provides a comprehensive fleet of machinery. Their offerings include scissor lifts, telehandlers, mini excavators, and portable generators. United Rentals is known for its 24/7 customer support and a vast network of locations, ensuring that clients have access to equipment whenever and wherever needed.
   
3. Pro Am Tool Rental
   Operating in Mahopac, NY, Pro Am Tool Rental serves the northern Westchester region. They offer a diverse selection of equipment, from stump grinders and chippers to hand-held tools like drills and saws. Their personalized service and expertise make them a go-to choice for both small-scale and extensive projects.
   
4. Independent Equipment Corp.
   Based in Westchester, Independent Equipment Corp. specializes in heavy machinery rentals. Their inventory includes construction equipment, commercial machinery, and tools suitable for various industries. They pride themselves on providing flexible rental agreements and a hassle-free experience for their clients.
   

1. Bella Contracting Services
   With over 20 years of experience, Bella Contracting Services specializes in residential, commercial, and industrial demolition. They are known for their attention to detail and commitment to safety, ensuring that each project is completed efficiently and in compliance with local regulations.
   
2. Hickory Homes & Properties
   Serving Mount Kisco and the surrounding areas, Hickory Homes & Properties provides expert demolition services for homes and businesses. Their team brings decades of expertise to both residential and commercial projects, focusing on professionalism and customer satisfaction.
   
3. Westchester Demolition and Junk Removal
   This family-operated company offers concierge-style demolition and junk removal services throughout Westchester County. Their approach emphasizes customer service, ensuring that clients receive personalized attention and efficient service.
   
4. Capital Industries
   Operating in Yonkers, Capital Industries offers demolition services with a focus on interior and selective demolition. They cater to various environments, including office buildings, hospitals, and retail spaces, ensuring minimal disruption to daily operations.
   

• Electric Equipment: Companies like Bobcat of Westchester are introducing electric mini loaders, such as the Cratos Sherpa 100ECO, which are ideal for demolition work. These machines offer reduced emissions and noise, making them suitable for urban environments.
  
• Compact Machinery: The demand for mini excavators and skid steers has increased due to their versatility and ability to operate in confined spaces. Rental companies are expanding their fleets to meet this demand.
  
• Sustainability Initiatives: With a growing emphasis on environmental responsibility, many demolition companies are adopting sustainable practices, including recycling materials and minimizing waste.
  

The Vessel Fire That Sparked a Bigger Question
A recent fire aboard a large fish processing vessel near Tacoma, Washington raised eyebrows not just for its scale, but for the reported presence of 19,000 pounds of refrigerant onboard. For many observers, this figure seemed staggering—especially considering how tightly regulated refrigerants like R-22 and R-134a have become in recent years. The incident triggered broader questions about environmental policy, regulatory inconsistencies, and the double standards between industrial and consumer applications.
Why Would a Ship Carry That Much Refrigerant
Large fishing vessels that double as processing platforms require massive refrigeration systems to preserve catch over extended voyages. These systems often span multiple compartments, blast freezers, and chilled storage bays. In such setups, refrigerant volumes can easily exceed 10,000 pounds, especially if the system uses older refrigerants like R-22 or R-12, which require higher charge volumes compared to modern alternatives.
Terminology note:

• Refrigerant charge: The total amount of refrigerant required to fill a cooling system to operational capacity.
  
• R-22 (chlorodifluoromethane): A hydrochlorofluorocarbon phased out in many countries due to ozone depletion potential.
  

• GWP (Global Warming Potential): A measure of how much heat a greenhouse gas traps in the atmosphere compared to CO₂.
  
• Section 608 certification: A U.S. EPA requirement for technicians handling regulated refrigerants.
  

• R-717 (ammonia): A natural refrigerant with zero ozone depletion and low GWP, but high toxicity.
  
• ABYC (American Boat and Yacht Council): A standards organization for marine systems and safety.
  

• Harmonize refrigerant regulations across sectors, including maritime and industrial
  
• Encourage phased retrofits with financial incentives for legacy systems
  
• Promote technician training on flammable refrigerants and emergency response
  
• Require labeling and tracking of refrigerant volumes on commercial vessels
  
• Develop fire suppression systems tailored to refrigerant hazards
  

Caterpillar’s 773B and Its Role in Mining
The Caterpillar 773B is a rigid-frame off-highway haul truck designed for medium to large-scale mining and quarry operations. Introduced in the early 1980s, it was part of Caterpillar’s second-generation 773 series, succeeding the original 773 and preceding the 773C. With a payload capacity of approximately 50 tons and powered by a Cat 3412 diesel engine producing over 650 horsepower, the 773B became a workhorse in open-pit mines across North America, Australia, and Africa.
Caterpillar, founded in 1925, has sold millions of mining and construction machines globally. The 773 series alone has seen tens of thousands of units delivered since its inception, with the B model remaining in service decades after production ceased due to its mechanical simplicity and robust frame.
Hoist Cylinder Function and Design
The hoist cylinder on a 773B is a double-acting hydraulic ram responsible for raising and lowering the dump body. It’s mounted between the truck’s frame and the underside of the bed, and it operates under extreme pressure—often exceeding 3,000 psi—especially when lifting full loads of overburden or ore.
Terminology note:

• Double-acting cylinder: A hydraulic cylinder that applies force in both directions—extension and retraction—using fluid pressure.
  
• Dump body: The large rear container used to haul material, which is lifted by the hoist cylinder to unload.
  

• Supporting the dump body securely to prevent accidental movement
  
• Disconnecting high-pressure hydraulic lines
  
• Extracting large, often seized pivot pins
  
• Maneuvering a multi-hundred-kilogram cylinder out of a confined space
  

• Corrosion and wear: Pins and bushings may be rusted or deformed, requiring heat or hydraulic press tools to remove.
  
• Limited access: The cylinder is partially enclosed by the truck’s frame and body supports.
  
• Weight and balance: The cylinder can weigh over 300 kg, demanding cranes or jacks for safe handling.
  
• Residual pressure: Even after shutdown, hydraulic systems can retain pressure, posing a hazard during disconnection.
  

• Secure the dump body: Use mechanical locks or heavy-duty cribbing to prevent movement. Never rely solely on hydraulic pressure.
  
• Depressurize the system: Cycle the controls and open bleed valves to release residual pressure.
  
• Tag and disconnect hydraulic lines: Label each line to ensure correct reinstallation. Use drip pans and absorbent pads to contain fluid.
  
• Remove pivot pins: Apply penetrating oil, heat, or mechanical force as needed. Inspect for wear or damage.
  
• Support the cylinder: Use a crane, forklift, or jack stands to prevent sudden drops.
  
• Document the process: Take photos and notes for future reference and reassembly.
  

• Cribbing: Stacked blocks used to support heavy equipment during maintenance.
  
• Pivot pin: A cylindrical steel rod that allows rotation between two components, often under load.
  

• Rod scoring or pitting
  
• Seal leakage or degradation
  
• Bushing wear at mounting points
  
• Barrel corrosion or deformation
  

• Replace all seals with OEM or high-quality aftermarket kits
  
• Hone the barrel if scoring is present
  
• Pressure test the cylinder before reinstallation
  

• Clean all mating surfaces and pins
  
• Apply anti-seize compound to pivot pins
  
• Torque hydraulic fittings to spec
  
• Bleed the system and cycle the cylinder under no-load conditions
  

• Inspect seals and rod condition monthly
  
• Keep hydraulic fluid clean and within spec
  
• Monitor dump body movement for signs of uneven lift or drift
  
• Lubricate pivot points regularly
  
• Replace worn bushings before they damage the mounts