Quick answer
To cover 1816 cubic yards of shot rock (12–30 inch), you’ll need approximately 2,600 to 3,300 tons, depending on the rock type. Granite, basalt, and limestone vary significantly in density, so supplier-specific weight per yard is essential for accurate conversion.
Understanding shot rock and its density range
Shot rock refers to large, irregular chunks of blasted stone typically used for erosion control, riprap, or base stabilization. Sizes range from 12 to 30 inches, making it unsuitable for compaction but ideal for resisting hydraulic forces. Because it’s unprocessed, its density depends heavily on mineral composition and moisture content.
Typical densities:

• Granite: 2,800–3,200 lbs/cu yd (1.4–1.6 tons/cu yd)
  
• Limestone: 2,600–2,900 lbs/cu yd (1.3–1.45 tons/cu yd)
  
• Basalt: 3,000–3,300 lbs/cu yd (1.5–1.65 tons/cu yd)
  
• Sedimentary fieldstone: 2,200–2,500 lbs/cu yd (1.1–1.25 tons/cu yd)
  

• Low estimate (limestone): 1816 × 1.3 = 2,360 tons
  
• Mid estimate (granite): 1816 × 1.5 = 2,724 tons
  
• High estimate (basalt): 1816 × 1.65 = 2,996 tons
  

• 1816 × 2800 lbs = 5,084,800 lbs ÷ 2000 = 2,542.4 tons
  

• South Dakota fieldstone is light and porous, unsuitable for riprap
  
• Imported granite from 90 miles away may offer higher durability but increased transport cost
  
• Eastern limestone may be denser than western equivalents due to mineral content
  

• What is the weight per cubic yard of your shot rock?
  
• Is the material dry or moisture-laden?
  
• What is the source quarry and rock type?
  

• Request supplier weight certificates before bidding
  
• Add 5–10% contingency for moisture, spillage, and grading loss
  
• Confirm truck payload limits: Most dump trucks carry 20–25 tons per load
  
• Coordinate with placement crew: Larger rock requires skilled operators and may need tracked equipment
  

Genie Industries, a leading manufacturer of aerial work platforms and material lifts, is renowned for its reliable, high-quality equipment used in a variety of industries. Their products, including boom lifts, scissor lifts, and telehandlers, are essential for reaching heights and moving materials safely and efficiently. However, like all heavy equipment, Genie's machinery requires regular maintenance and occasional repairs to keep running smoothly.
One of the key challenges for owners and operators of Genie equipment is sourcing the right parts when maintenance or repairs are needed. Whether it’s for routine upkeep or a more complex repair, understanding how to find and replace Genie parts is crucial for minimizing downtime and extending the lifespan of the equipment.
In this article, we will explore the importance of Genie parts, how to source them, common parts that require replacement, and tips for maintaining your Genie equipment.
The Importance of Genuine Genie Parts
Using genuine Genie parts is essential for ensuring the longevity, safety, and performance of your equipment. While aftermarket parts may seem like a cost-effective alternative, they often fail to meet the same quality standards as OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) parts. Genuine Genie parts are specifically designed and tested to fit the exact specifications of the equipment, ensuring optimal performance and safety.
Here are some reasons why choosing genuine parts is important:

1. Quality Assurance: Genuine Genie parts are designed to meet or exceed the manufacturer’s specifications, ensuring that your equipment runs smoothly and safely.
   
2. Safety Compliance: Using non-genuine parts can compromise the safety of the equipment, increasing the risk of accidents, malfunctions, or breakdowns.
   
3. Warranty Coverage: Many equipment warranties require the use of OEM parts for repairs and replacements. Using non-genuine parts may void your warranty, leading to costly repairs down the line.
   
4. Efficiency and Performance: OEM parts are engineered to work seamlessly with your machine, providing better fuel efficiency, performance, and durability compared to aftermarket alternatives.
   

• Hydraulic Filters: These prevent contaminants from entering the system, ensuring smooth operation. Dirty or clogged filters can reduce system efficiency and damage hydraulic components.
  
• Hydraulic Hoses: Over time, hoses can wear out, crack, or become damaged. Regular inspection of hoses for leaks or signs of wear is necessary to avoid hydraulic fluid loss and equipment malfunction.
  
• Hydraulic Pumps: The pump is responsible for generating the pressure needed for hydraulic functions. If the pump becomes worn or damaged, it can cause reduced performance or complete failure of the hydraulic system.
  

• Batteries: Most Genie equipment uses heavy-duty batteries to power electric systems. If a battery fails or loses its charge capacity, it can result in poor performance or prevent the equipment from starting altogether.
  
• Control Modules: These manage the electrical systems of the machine, including the lift control and diagnostic functions. A malfunction in the control module can cause the machine to operate erratically or fail to start.
  
• Fuses and Circuit Breakers: These protect the electrical systems from overloads or short circuits. Regularly checking and replacing blown fuses can prevent further electrical damage.
  

• Air Filters: Air filters prevent dirt and debris from entering the engine. Clogged air filters can reduce engine efficiency and performance, leading to overheating or damage.
  
• Oil Filters: Replacing the oil filter is essential to maintain engine lubrication and prevent the buildup of contaminants in the engine oil, which can cause severe damage over time.
  
• Belts and Hoses: These parts are essential for transferring power and fluids within the engine. Worn belts or hoses can lead to overheating, loss of power, or engine failure.
  

• Boom Sections: The boom is the arm that extends and retracts to reach heights. Wear on the boom sections, such as cracks or corrosion, can impact the safety and efficiency of the lift.
  
• Pins and Bushings: These parts allow the boom to pivot and move smoothly. Over time, they can become worn, resulting in reduced mobility and performance.
  
• Lift Cylinders: These are responsible for raising and lowering the platform. Hydraulic seals and components in lift cylinders may need to be replaced due to wear or leakage.
  

1. Authorized Genie Dealers: The most reliable source for genuine parts is an authorized Genie dealer. These dealers have access to the full range of OEM parts and can provide expert advice and service for your equipment.
   
2. Online Retailers: Many reputable online platforms specialize in the sale of heavy equipment parts, including Genie parts. Websites such as Genieliftparts.com or other specialized suppliers can help you find the exact components you need.
   
3. Local Repair Shops: Many independent repair shops that specialize in aerial equipment also offer genuine parts. They can help you identify the right parts for your machine and assist with installation.
   
4. Direct from Genie: For larger orders or specific parts, contacting Genie directly or visiting their website can be an option. They offer comprehensive support and can connect you with the nearest service location for parts and repairs.
   

1. Perform Routine Inspections: Regularly inspect hydraulic systems, electrical components, and mechanical parts for signs of wear. Catching problems early can prevent costly repairs later on.
   
2. Change Fluids Regularly: Changing the oil, hydraulic fluid, and coolant at the manufacturer’s recommended intervals will help keep your equipment running efficiently and prevent buildup that can cause damage.
   
3. Follow Manufacturer’s Maintenance Schedule: Genie provides a recommended maintenance schedule for all its equipment. Adhering to this schedule ensures that all parts receive timely attention and care.
   
4. Train Operators: Proper training for operators can prevent misuse, which can lead to unnecessary wear and damage. Teaching operators to use the equipment efficiently and safely can extend the lifespan of the machine.
   

When it comes to purchasing an excavator, whether for construction, landscaping, or other industrial applications, the decision is far from simple. Selecting the right excavator involves considering various factors such as the type of work, operating environment, and budget. Additionally, choosing the right brand and size of the excavator is crucial for maximizing performance and cost-efficiency.
In this article, we will explore the key considerations when selecting the ideal excavator size and brand, the differences between various brands, and how to evaluate which machine is best suited for your specific needs.
Excavator Size: What Do You Need?
The size of an excavator plays a significant role in its versatility, capability, and suitability for different projects. Excavators come in a range of sizes, from compact mini excavators to large crawler excavators. Understanding the specific tasks you plan to perform and the working conditions of the job site will help determine the best size for your needs.
Small Excavators (Mini Excavators)
Mini or compact excavators are typically under 6 tons in weight and are designed for smaller, tighter workspaces. These machines are ideal for urban construction, landscaping, or working in confined areas like residential lots. They provide excellent maneuverability but are not suited for heavy-duty operations.

• Common Applications: Landscaping, trenching, utility work, small demolitions.
  
• Advantages: Easy to transport, versatile, can fit into smaller spaces.
  
• Disadvantages: Limited digging depth, lifting capacity, and reach.
  

• Common Applications: Road construction, site development, trenching, material handling.
  
• Advantages: Increased digging depth and lifting capacity, better fuel efficiency.
  
• Disadvantages: Less maneuverable in confined spaces than smaller models.
  

• Common Applications: Mining, deep excavation, large-scale demolition, lifting heavy materials.
  
• Advantages: High power, large bucket capacity, extended reach and digging depth.
  
• Disadvantages: Higher operational costs, more challenging to transport, less maneuverable in tight spaces.
  

1. Site Conditions: If you're working in tight spaces, a smaller, more compact excavator will be more practical. If the site is large with little space restrictions, a larger model may be necessary for efficiency.
   
2. Depth and Reach Requirements: Large-scale excavation, trenching, or mining operations often require the extended reach and depth capabilities that larger excavators offer. Smaller machines may not be able to reach the necessary depth or handle heavy materials.
   
3. Load Handling: If your work involves heavy lifting, a larger excavator with a higher lifting capacity will be needed. For lighter jobs, a mid-sized or mini-excavator will suffice.
   
4. Transport Considerations: Larger excavators are more difficult and costly to transport, so if mobility between sites is important, smaller machines are preferable.
   

• Strengths: High reliability, excellent dealer network, advanced technology (e.g., fuel efficiency, telematics).
  
• Weaknesses: Higher initial cost, heavier weight on certain models, higher maintenance costs in some regions.
  

• Strengths: Fuel-efficient, smooth performance, user-friendly interface, and good operator comfort.
  
• Weaknesses: Some models are more expensive to maintain, parts availability can be an issue in remote areas.
  

• Strengths: Competitive pricing, strong lifting capacity, comfortable cabin.
  
• Weaknesses: Limited service network in some regions, parts availability can be challenging.
  

• Strengths: Fuel-efficient, comfortable cabins, good resale value, advanced telematics and eco-friendly features.
  
• Weaknesses: Higher upfront cost, parts may be pricier than competitors.
  

• Strengths: Affordable pricing, good operator ergonomics, high digging force.
  
• Weaknesses: Some models have a less advanced hydraulic system, which can affect efficiency in certain tasks.
  

• Strengths: Compact size, easy transport, good for tight spaces, reliable for light to medium work.
  
• Weaknesses: Not ideal for large-scale operations, limited digging depth and reach compared to larger models.
  

1. Reliability and Durability: Brands like CAT and Komatsu are known for their durability and reliability under heavy use, making them ideal for large-scale projects.
   
2. Service and Support: It’s essential to evaluate the availability of service centers and parts. Caterpillar and Komatsu have an extensive global network, ensuring that you won’t face long downtimes.
   
3. Resale Value: Machines from brands like CAT and Volvo tend to hold their value well over time, making them a better investment in the long run.
   
4. Operator Comfort: For long hours on the job, operator comfort is crucial. Brands like Volvo and Case are known for their ergonomically designed cabs and user-friendly controls.
   
5. Total Cost of Ownership: Beyond the initial purchase price, the cost of maintenance, fuel efficiency, and parts availability will contribute to the total cost of ownership. Brands like Komatsu and Hyundai often provide better fuel efficiency.
   

Quick answer
A Takeuchi TB135 excavator showing delayed response in the left-hand pilot valve—especially during arm lowering and rotation—was ultimately traced to incorrectly routed hydraulic hoses during maintenance. Swapping the affected hoses restored normal function.
Takeuchi TB135 background and hydraulic control system
The Takeuchi TB135 is a compact hydraulic excavator introduced in the early 2000s, designed for utility trenching, landscaping, and light demolition. It features:

• A closed-center hydraulic system
  
• Dual pilot control valves for left and right joystick functions
  
• A two-speed travel system
  
• Swivel joint and undercarriage hoses routed through a central manifold
  

• Delayed response when lowering the arm
  
• Rotation function took several seconds to engage
  
• Rotation speed and torque were normal once activated
  
• Right-hand pilot valve worked flawlessly
  
• Two-speed travel function remained operational
  

• Hydraulic hose connections and seals: All appeared intact, with no visible leaks
  
• Pilot valve block: No signs of external leakage or loose fittings
  
• Blade function: When the blade raise command was held, rotation engaged immediately
  

• Label all hoses before removal: Use numbered tags or colored tape
  
• Photograph hose routing and valve connections: Especially around the pilot valve block
  
• Check function after each hose replacement: Don’t wait until all hoses are installed
  
• Verify pilot pressure at each joystick: Use a low-pressure gauge if needed
  
• Test blade and rotation together: Shared pump logic can reveal routing errors
  

The C10 engine, part of the Caterpillar 3400 series, is widely used in a variety of heavy-duty applications including construction machinery, mining equipment, and agricultural vehicles. Like all engines, the C10 is subject to wear and tear over time, especially if it has been operated in harsh conditions. One of the more significant repairs that may be necessary is the replacement of the long block, which includes the engine block, pistons, crankshaft, and other key internal components.
Replacing a long block is no small task. It involves a deep understanding of the engine’s inner workings and can be a costly and time-consuming process. However, with proper knowledge, tools, and procedures, this repair can be accomplished efficiently, extending the life of the equipment and ensuring optimal performance.
This article explores the process of replacing the long block in a C10 engine, covering common issues that may necessitate a replacement, the procedure itself, and some tips for successful installation.
Understanding the C10 Engine
The Caterpillar C10 engine is a six-cylinder, inline diesel engine known for its durability and reliability in industrial applications. With a displacement of 10.5 liters, the C10 provides substantial power for medium- to heavy-duty equipment. It’s used in a variety of machines including excavators, trucks, and generators. Over the years, the C10 has become known for its relatively simple design, making it easier to repair and maintain compared to some other engines of similar size.
However, like any engine, the C10 can experience serious mechanical failures, often due to excessive wear, poor maintenance, or operating in harsh environments. Some of the most common issues that lead to a long block replacement include:

• Engine Overheating: Prolonged high temperatures can cause significant damage to the engine components, leading to issues such as warped cylinder heads, blown gaskets, or even a cracked engine block.
  
• Oil Contamination: Oil breakdown due to age, poor filtration, or engine overuse can lead to metal debris circulating through the engine, causing severe wear to the internal components.
  
• Excessive Wear: Over time, the engine’s pistons, rings, and crankshaft can become worn, leading to loss of compression and a general decline in engine performance.
  
• Cracked Block: In extreme cases, the engine block itself can crack due to overheating, freezing, or internal pressure from a failed cooling system.
  

1. Significant Oil Consumption: If the engine is burning excessive amounts of oil, it may indicate that the piston rings or cylinder walls are worn, and a long block replacement is required.
   
2. Loss of Compression: Low compression across multiple cylinders is a clear sign of internal engine failure, often caused by worn-out valves, piston rings, or even a cracked cylinder head.
   
3. Visible Exhaust Smoke: Excessive smoke from the exhaust—especially blue or white smoke—can indicate internal engine damage, typically due to worn piston rings or a blown gasket, both of which may necessitate a long block replacement.
   
4. Engine Knocking: A knocking or tapping sound from the engine is often caused by worn bearings or internal components, signaling that a replacement is necessary.
   
5. Frequent Overheating: If the engine consistently overheats despite proper maintenance of the cooling system, it may have suffered irreparable damage to the block or heads, necessitating a long block replacement.
   

1. Preparation and Safety Measures
   • Ensure the equipment is safely parked on level ground and that the engine is turned off and cool.
     
   • Disconnect the battery to prevent any electrical accidents.
     
   • Drain all fluids, including oil and coolant, from the engine to avoid spills during disassembly.
     
2. Remove the Engine
   • Disconnect any external components such as the air intake, exhaust, fuel lines, and wiring. Take note of how these components are connected to ensure proper reinstallation.
     
   • Use an engine hoist or crane to remove the engine from the equipment. Carefully lift the engine out of the frame, ensuring that all connections are safely detached.
     
3. Disassemble the Engine
   • Begin by removing the cylinder head(s), pistons, and crankshaft. Pay close attention to any damage, such as scoring on the cylinders, cracks in the head, or wear on the crankshaft.
     
   • Inspect the block for any visible signs of damage, such as cracks or warping. If any damage is detected, the entire block will need to be replaced.
     
   • Remove the oil pump, timing gears, and any other accessories attached to the long block.
     
4. Install the New Long Block
   • Prepare the new long block by installing new gaskets, seals, and O-rings. This step is crucial for ensuring that the engine operates smoothly and does not experience leaks.
     
   • Carefully position the new long block into the engine bay and secure it with bolts, ensuring all mounting points align correctly.
     
   • Install the crankshaft, pistons, and cylinder head(s) onto the new block, ensuring all parts are torqued to the manufacturer's specifications.
     
5. Reassemble the Engine
   • Reattach all the external components that were removed during disassembly, such as the fuel lines, air intake, exhaust system, and wiring.
     
   • Refill the engine with the proper amount of oil and coolant, and check for any leaks around the gaskets and seals.
     
6. Test the Engine
   • Once the long block has been fully installed and reassembled, start the engine and monitor for any abnormal sounds, leaks, or warning lights.
     
   • Perform a thorough inspection to ensure that all systems, such as the cooling system and electrical connections, are functioning properly.
     
   • If the engine starts and runs smoothly without any issues, the long block replacement is complete.
     

• Proper Torque Specifications: Always follow the manufacturer’s recommended torque settings when assembling the engine components. Incorrectly torqued bolts can lead to leaks, poor performance, or even catastrophic failure.
  
• Quality Parts: When purchasing a replacement long block, ensure that it is of high quality and is either OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) or approved by Caterpillar for use with the C10 engine.
  
• Keep the Work Area Clean: Engine repairs require a clean environment to prevent contaminants from entering the engine. Use clean tools, avoid touching internal engine parts with bare hands, and keep the work area organized.
  
• Lubricate Moving Parts: Before installing the pistons, crankshaft, and other moving parts, lubricate them with fresh oil to prevent initial wear when the engine starts.
  

Quick answer
The Terex PT-30 compact track loader often suffers drive motor failure due to keyway damage in the output shaft. While OEM replacements are costly, aftermarket suppliers and careful in-machine repairs can restore functionality at a fraction of the price.
Terex PT-30 development and drivetrain design
The Terex PT-30 was introduced in the early 2000s as a compact track loader designed for landscaping, utility work, and light construction. It features a suspended undercarriage system with rubber tracks and dual hydrostatic drive motors. Each motor powers a drive sprocket via a keyed shaft, transferring torque to the tracks.
Terex acquired ASV (All Season Vehicles), the original designer of the PT-series, and continued production under its own brand. The PT-30 became popular for its low ground pressure and maneuverability, especially in soft terrain. Over 10,000 units were sold globally before the line was absorbed into the ASV RT-series.
Symptoms of drive motor failure and keyway damage
In one case, a PT-30 with 3,500 hours began showing signs of drive motor failure on the right-hand side. The machine would move briefly, then stop, worsening with use. Inspection revealed:

• Outer bearing noise and misalignment
  
• Shaft rotation without track movement
  
• No hydraulic fault codes
  

• Aftermarket suppliers: Companies like Vine & Branch offer output shafts, bearings, and seal kits for PT-series motors
  
• In-machine shaft replacement: Skilled technicians can replace the output shaft without removing the motor, saving time and labor
  
• Used motors: Salvaged units may be available for $1,200–$1,500 USD, though condition varies
  

• Mark all hydraulic hoses before disassembly: Incorrect reconnection can reverse joystick controls
  
• Photograph each step: The motor cartridge can be installed in two orientations
  
• Use a torque wrench on sprocket bolts: Loose fasteners can accelerate shaft wear
  
• Inspect the hub for elongation: If the keyway is damaged, the hub must be replaced
  

• Grease outer bearings regularly: Noise often precedes bearing failure
  
• Monitor shaft alignment: Misaligned axles can stress the motor shaft
  
• Replace worn sprockets: Excessive play increases keyway wear
  

The CAT 304CR is a compact hydraulic excavator designed for use in construction, landscaping, and small-scale excavation projects. Known for its maneuverability and powerful performance in confined spaces, the 304CR is commonly used in both urban and rural environments. However, like all heavy equipment, the 304CR can encounter specific issues related to its drivetrain, particularly its final drive system.
The final drive plays a crucial role in transferring the engine's power to the wheels or tracks of the excavator, allowing it to move and perform tasks efficiently. Problems with the final drive system can significantly impact performance, so understanding the mechanics and troubleshooting common issues is essential for operators and fleet managers.
In this article, we will delve into the importance of the final drive in the CAT 304CR, discuss common issues related to oil sampling and final drive alarms, and offer practical solutions for resolving these issues.
What is the Final Drive?
The final drive is a critical component of any tracked vehicle, including the CAT 304CR. It consists of a combination of gears, hydraulic motors, and bearings that work together to transfer power from the engine to the tracks. This system allows the excavator to move across different terrains, providing both speed and stability.
The final drive typically includes two main parts:

• The Planetary Gear Set: This set of gears reduces the speed of the motor while increasing the torque transmitted to the track. It provides the necessary gearing ratio for efficient movement.
  
• The Hydraulic Motor: This motor provides the necessary power to drive the tracks.
  

1. Final Drive Oil Sampling and Alarm Activation
   

• Symptoms:
  • The final drive alarm lights up on the display.
    
  • The machine shows reduced mobility or sluggish movement.
    
  • There are unusual sounds, such as grinding or whining, from the final drive system.
    
• Possible Causes:
  • Low Oil Levels: Over time, oil can leak from seals or degrade due to heat and friction, leading to low oil levels in the final drive system.
    
  • Oil Contamination: Contaminants like dirt, water, or metal shavings can enter the final drive system and compromise the oil’s effectiveness. This can lead to premature wear of components and cause the system to overheat.
    
  • Worn Seals or Bearings: If the seals or bearings in the final drive are worn, oil may leak out, causing insufficient lubrication and triggering alarms.
    
• Solutions:
  • Check Oil Levels: The first step is to check the oil level in the final drive. If the oil is low, top it up with the manufacturer-recommended oil. Be sure to use the correct type of hydraulic oil to prevent damage.
    
  • Oil Sampling: If the alarm persists, performing an oil sample analysis is highly recommended. Oil sampling allows you to identify contaminants such as metal particles, dirt, or water, which can indicate wear or failure in the gears and bearings. Regular oil sampling can help prevent serious damage by catching issues early.
    
  • Replace Seals and Bearings: If oil leaks are found or if oil contamination is detected, replacing worn seals or bearings may be necessary. This can help restore the final drive’s efficiency and prevent further damage to the system.
    

1. Excessive Noise or Vibrations from the Final Drive
   

• Symptoms:
  • A grinding, whining, or growling noise coming from the final drive.
    
  • Vibration or jerky movement when operating the machine.
    
  • Decreased operational speed or power.
    
• Possible Causes:
  • Low Oil Pressure: If the oil pressure is too low, the final drive gears may not receive the proper lubrication, leading to metal-on-metal contact and excessive noise.
    
  • Worn Gears or Bearings: Over time, the gears and bearings in the final drive can wear out, leading to noisy operation and reduced efficiency.
    
  • Misalignment: If the final drive is not aligned properly, it can cause undue stress on the gears, leading to noise and vibrations.
    
• Solutions:
  • Check Oil Pressure: Ensure that the hydraulic oil pressure is at the correct level. If the pressure is low, inspect the hydraulic system for leaks or pump malfunctions.
    
  • Inspect Gears and Bearings: Inspect the gears and bearings in the final drive for wear or damage. If any component is worn out, it may need to be replaced to restore normal operation.
    
  • Alignment Check: Verify the alignment of the final drive to ensure that all components are properly positioned. Misalignment can often be corrected by realigning the drive system or replacing worn parts.
    

1. Loss of Track Movement or Reduced Speed
   

• Symptoms:
  • One or both tracks fail to move, or they move very slowly.
    
  • The machine struggles to gain speed or lacks power when moving.
    
  • Unusual heating of the final drive.
    
• Possible Causes:
  • Hydraulic System Failure: A failure in the hydraulic system, such as a malfunctioning pump or valve, can prevent the hydraulic motor from receiving the power it needs to drive the tracks.
    
  • Internal Gear Damage: If the planetary gears are damaged, they may not provide the necessary torque to move the tracks efficiently.
    
  • Oil Contamination: Contaminated oil can reduce the final drive’s performance by clogging filters, causing gears to seize or wear prematurely.
    
• Solutions:
  • Check Hydraulic System: Inspect the hydraulic system, including pumps, valves, and hoses, for damage or leaks. Ensure that the system is providing adequate pressure to the final drive.
    
  • Inspect Planetary Gears: If the machine is struggling to move, inspect the planetary gears for signs of damage. Replace any damaged components to restore normal operation.
    
  • Oil Change: If oil contamination is suspected, drain and replace the contaminated oil. This will help ensure proper lubrication and prevent further damage to the final drive system.
    

1. Regular Oil Sampling: As mentioned earlier, oil sampling is a valuable tool for detecting potential problems before they become critical. Routine oil sampling allows you to monitor the condition of the oil and detect contaminants early.
   
2. Oil and Filter Changes: Regularly change the oil and replace filters as recommended by the manufacturer. Keeping the hydraulic system clean and free of contaminants is essential for extending the lifespan of the final drive.
   
3. Check Seals and Gaskets: Over time, seals and gaskets can degrade, leading to oil leaks. Regularly inspect these components and replace them as needed to maintain proper oil levels.
   
4. Monitor Machine Usage: Avoid overloading the machine or subjecting it to harsh conditions for extended periods. Excessive stress on the final drive can lead to premature wear and failure.
   

Quick answer
A Genie Z60/34 with a diesel engine may experience boom function failure due to low charging voltage, weak ground connections, or alternator drag caused by a failing fuel shutoff solenoid. Voltage below 13.8V at operating RPM is insufficient for full system performance.
Genie Z60/34 overview and electrical system
The Genie Z60/34 is a diesel-powered articulating boom lift designed for elevated work in construction, maintenance, and industrial settings. It features:

• A Deutz FL2011 engine (varies by year)
  
• Dual boom sections with hydraulic articulation
  
• Ground and basket control stations
  
• 12V electrical system with alternator charging
  

• Charging voltage too low: Most systems require 14.2–14.5V under load
  
• Voltage drop at control station: Basket voltage may be lower than ground-level readings
  
• Grounding issues: Corroded or loose engine ground can reduce system voltage
  
• Alternator drag: A failing fuel shutoff solenoid may draw excessive current
  

• Remove the side panel above the dipstick and fuel pump
  
• Measure voltage at the alternator output terminal and starter hot post
  
• Clean and reattach the engine ground strap
  
• Inspect the excite wire plug near the alternator cover
  

• Check belt tension and pulley alignment
  
• Test voltage at idle and full throttle
  
• Confirm regulator function and diode integrity
  

• Engine stalling or hard starting
  
• Excessive current draw during operation
  
• Alternator overheating
  

• Disconnect the solenoid and measure voltage recovery
  
• Check resistance across solenoid terminals
  
• Replace if resistance is low or draw exceeds spec
  

• Long wire runs
  
• Corroded connectors
  
• Undersized conductors
  

• Clean and inspect all ground points, especially engine block and frame
  
• Measure voltage at alternator, starter, and basket controls
  
• Test fuel shutoff solenoid for parasitic draw
  
• Rebuild alternator if voltage remains below 13.8V
  
• Use a battery charger only as a diagnostic aid, not a permanent fix
  

The JLG 40H is a popular rough terrain forklift and aerial lift used in construction, forestry, and industrial applications. Known for its ability to navigate uneven surfaces and reach significant heights, this machine is a versatile and indispensable piece of equipment. However, like all heavy machinery, the JLG 40H can sometimes encounter issues that can hinder performance. Understanding these issues, diagnosing problems, and performing regular maintenance can ensure that the machine continues to operate efficiently and safely.
This article explores some of the most common problems associated with the JLG 40H, provides diagnostic tips, and offers solutions to keep the machine running at its best.
Overview of the JLG 40H
The JLG 40H is part of JLG's line of rough terrain forklifts and aerial platforms. It is designed to be used in challenging outdoor environments, featuring large tires and a high ground clearance to navigate rough or uneven terrain. The machine is equipped with a hydraulic boom system that allows for reaching high elevations, making it essential for tasks such as material handling, construction, and maintenance in difficult-to-reach areas.
Developed by JLG Industries, a leading manufacturer of aerial lifts and telehandlers, the 40H model is known for its durability, performance, and versatility. However, with extensive use, owners may encounter certain issues that can affect its functionality. Let’s dive into some common concerns and troubleshooting tips.
Common Issues with the JLG 40H

1. Hydraulic System Failures
   

• Symptoms:
  • Slow boom or platform movement
    
  • Uneven or jerky lifting motion
    
  • Lack of power or failure to lift heavy loads
    
• Possible Causes:
  • Low hydraulic fluid levels: One of the most common causes of hydraulic system problems is insufficient fluid. Over time, hydraulic fluid can degrade or leak, reducing pressure and causing poor performance.
    
  • Clogged filters: The hydraulic system relies on clean fluid to function properly. A clogged filter can restrict fluid flow, leading to poor system performance.
    
  • Faulty hydraulic pump: If the pump is worn out or damaged, it may not provide the necessary pressure to operate the system effectively.
    
• Solutions:
  • Check fluid levels: Ensure the hydraulic fluid is at the recommended level. If it’s low, top it up with the manufacturer-recommended fluid.
    
  • Replace filters: Inspect and replace the hydraulic filters at regular intervals as specified by the manufacturer to prevent clogging.
    
  • Inspect the hydraulic pump: If the issue persists, inspect the hydraulic pump for signs of wear or damage and replace it if necessary.
    

1. Electrical System Problems
   

• Symptoms:
  • The engine won’t start
    
  • Inconsistent operation of controls or lights
    
  • Loss of power to certain electrical components
    
• Possible Causes:
  • Dead or weak battery: A common issue is a battery that has run out of charge or is no longer holding a charge. The JLG 40H requires a sufficient voltage level to start and operate the controls.
    
  • Faulty wiring or connections: Loose or corroded wiring can interrupt the electrical supply to key components, causing intermittent failures.
    
  • Blown fuses: Fuses protect the electrical system from overcurrent. If a fuse blows, it can cut power to essential systems, such as lights or the ignition.
    
• Solutions:
  • Check and charge the battery: Ensure that the battery is fully charged. If the battery is old or damaged, consider replacing it with a new one.
    
  • Inspect wiring and connections: Visually inspect all electrical wiring and connectors for signs of wear, corrosion, or damage. Clean or replace any corroded connections.
    
  • Replace fuses: If the fuses are blown, replace them with the correct rating as specified in the operator’s manual.
    

1. Drive and Steering Issues
   

• Symptoms:
  • Difficulty steering or unresponsive controls
    
  • Sluggish movement or failure to drive forward or reverse
    
  • Uneven traction or difficulty in turning
    
• Possible Causes:
  • Low fluid levels in the steering system: If the fluid level in the steering system is low, it can lead to difficulty in turning the machine.
    
  • Worn or damaged steering components: Over time, steering components such as the hydraulic steering valve or linkage may wear out or get damaged, making the steering system less responsive.
    
  • Drive motor or transmission issues: A faulty drive motor or transmission can affect the machine’s ability to move forward or backward, leading to sluggish performance.
    
• Solutions:
  • Check fluid levels: Ensure that the hydraulic fluid levels are sufficient in the steering system. Top up or replace the fluid if necessary.
    
  • Inspect steering components: Look for any worn or damaged components in the steering system. Repair or replace parts as needed.
    
  • Test drive motor and transmission: If there’s no improvement, inspect the drive motor and transmission for signs of failure. If necessary, consult a professional mechanic to repair or replace these components.
    

1. Engine Starting Problems
   

• Symptoms:
  • Engine cranks but doesn’t start
    
  • Unusual engine sounds or vibrations during startup
    
  • Intermittent starting issues
    
• Possible Causes:
  • Fuel system issues: A clogged fuel filter or a malfunctioning fuel pump can prevent proper fuel flow to the engine, causing starting problems.
    
  • Ignition system failure: Worn spark plugs or a malfunctioning ignition coil can prevent the engine from starting properly.
    
  • Cold weather: In colder climates, the engine may have difficulty starting due to thickened oil or a weak battery.
    
• Solutions:
  • Check the fuel system: Replace the fuel filter if it’s clogged and check the fuel pump for proper function.
    
  • Inspect the ignition system: Replace worn spark plugs or malfunctioning ignition components.
    
  • Use the correct oil: Ensure that the engine oil is appropriate for the temperatures in which the machine is being used. In cold weather, consider using a thinner oil to improve engine startup.
    

1. Regularly check hydraulic fluid levels and change the fluid at recommended intervals.
   
2. Inspect the battery and electrical components for wear, corrosion, or damage.
   
3. Lubricate moving parts to prevent wear and tear.
   
4. Check tire pressure and inspect the tires for damage.
   
5. Ensure that all safety features, such as lights and alarms, are functioning properly.
   

Quick answer
The 1958 Caterpillar 933 Traxcavator (serial prefix 11A) remains a viable restoration project, but sourcing obsolete parts like top carrier rollers and fuel pump kits requires a mix of aftermarket suppliers, salvage yards, and fabrication. With careful matching of serial numbers and part codes, even rare bronze-bushing rollers can be rebuilt or replaced.
Cat 933 Traxcavator development and legacy
The Caterpillar 933 was introduced in the mid-1950s as a compact track loader designed for grading, excavation, and material handling. Built on a crawler tractor platform, the 933 featured:

• A direct-injection diesel engine (D311 or D315 depending on year)
  
• Mechanical transmission with clutch and gear drive
  
• Hydraulic loader arms and bucket
  
• Steel undercarriage with carrier rollers and track pads
  

• Top carrier rollers: Early bronze-bushing style, often obsolete in dealer catalogs
  
• Transfer fuel pump repair kits: Diaphragm failure leads to fuel leakage from relief tubes
  
• Track pads and skid plates: Subject to wear and corrosion
  
• Hydraulic seals and hoses: Often dry-rotted or cracked from age
  

• Aftermarket undercarriage suppliers: Brands like TREK, ITP, and ITR offer compatible rollers and pads if part numbers and dimensions are known
  
• Salvage yards: Regional yards may stock dismantled 933s or NOS (new old stock) components
  
• Online part databases: Searching by part number can reveal hidden inventory or surplus listings
  
• Fabrication shops: Rollers and plates can be rebuilt or machined if original specs are available
  

• Roller dimensions and bushing type
  
• Fuel pump mounting and diaphragm style
  
• Track pad bolt patterns
  
• Loader arm geometry
  

• Record the full serial number from the transmission housing
  
• Cross-reference with parts manuals or Cat Classic catalogs
  
• Confirm compatibility with aftermarket suppliers
  

• Prioritize new or rebuilt rollers over used ones to avoid premature failure
  
• Install magnets in the final drive housing to capture metal debris
  
• Replace fuel pump diaphragms proactively to prevent leaks and fire risk
  
• Use Cat Classic parts when available, as they often match or exceed salvage pricing