Introduction
In the realm of heavy mining equipment, fuel efficiency is paramount. The Komatsu PC5500 hydraulic excavator and the 830E electric-drive haul truck are two such machines where fuel consumption plays a crucial role in operational costs and environmental impact. Understanding their fuel consumption metrics is essential for optimizing performance and reducing operational expenses.
Komatsu PC5500 Fuel Consumption
The Komatsu PC5500 is a large hydraulic excavator designed for demanding mining operations. It is equipped with two diesel engines, each producing 1,260 horsepower at 1,800 rpm. The fuel tank capacity of the PC5500 is approximately 10,355 liters (2,736 US gallons), allowing for extended operation periods between refueling.
While specific hourly fuel consumption figures can vary based on load conditions and operational practices, it's estimated that under typical working conditions, the PC5500 consumes around 300 to 400 liters of fuel per hour. This estimate aligns with the fuel tank capacity, suggesting that the excavator can operate for approximately 25 to 35 hours before requiring a refill, depending on usage intensity.
Komatsu 830E Fuel Consumption
The Komatsu 830E is an electric-drive haul truck designed for high-efficiency material transport in mining operations. It features a diesel engine producing 2,500 horsepower at 1,800 rpm, coupled with an electric drive system that enhances fuel efficiency.
The fuel tank capacity of the 830E is approximately 4,542 liters (1,200 US gallons). Under medium load conditions, the truck consumes around 120 liters of fuel per hour. In more demanding applications, fuel consumption can increase to approximately 190 liters per hour. This variability underscores the importance of load management and operational practices in optimizing fuel efficiency.
Factors Influencing Fuel Consumption
Several factors can influence the fuel consumption of both the PC5500 and 830E:

• Load Conditions: Heavier loads require more energy, leading to higher fuel consumption.
  
• Terrain: Steep gradients and uneven terrain can increase fuel usage due to the additional power required for movement.
  
• Operational Practices: Efficient driving and digging techniques can reduce fuel consumption, while aggressive operations can lead to increased fuel use.
  
• Maintenance: Well-maintained engines and systems operate more efficiently, consuming less fuel.
  

Introduction
The Samsung 130 series excavators, such as the SE130LCM-2, are renowned for their durability and performance in various construction applications. However, like many heavy machines, they are susceptible to electronic control module (ECM) issues that can impair functionality. Understanding the common ECM-related problems and their solutions is crucial for maintaining the operational efficiency of these excavators.
Common ECM-Related Issues

1. Engine Stalling During Operation
   One prevalent issue reported by operators is engine stalling during operation. This problem often arises from electrical faults, such as wiring issues in the fuel shut-off circuit. For instance, a user reported that their Samsung SE130LCM-2 would shut off randomly due to a wiring problem in the fuel shut-off circuit . Such faults can disrupt the communication between the ECM and the fuel system, leading to unexpected engine shutdowns.
   Solution: Inspect the wiring harnesses for any loose connections, corrosion, or damaged insulation. Pay particular attention to the fuel shut-off solenoid and its connections. Repair or replace any faulty components to restore proper engine operation.
   
2. Inability to Start After Stalling
   Another issue involves the excavator stalling during operation and failing to restart. This can be attributed to air entering the fuel system, leading to a loss of prime. A user experienced this problem and found that bleeding the injectors resolved the issue .
   Solution: After a stall, bleed the fuel system to remove any air pockets. Ensure that all fuel lines are properly tightened and free from leaks. Regular maintenance of the fuel system can prevent such occurrences.
   
3. Blown Fuses Upon Ignition
   Some operators have reported that the 40A fuses in the battery compartment blow immediately when the ignition is turned on. This issue is often linked to short circuits in components like the alternator/voltage regulator or the fuel solenoid at the injection pump .
   Solution: Disconnect the alternator and fuel solenoid one at a time to identify the faulty component. Once located, repair or replace the defective part. Ensure that all wiring is intact and free from damage.
   
4. Erratic RPM Control
   Erratic or unresponsive RPM control can be caused by issues with the stepping motor or its wiring harness. A user reported that the mode selector panel would light up, but the RPM and speed functions would fail. Upon inspection, the stepping motor and its wiring harness were found to be faulty .
   Solution: Test the stepping motor for proper operation. Check the wiring harness for continuity and signs of wear. Replace any damaged components and recalibrate the system as necessary.
   

• Regular Inspections: Conduct routine inspections of the ECM, wiring harnesses, and related components to identify potential issues before they lead to significant problems.
  
• Software Updates: Ensure that the ECM software is up to date. Manufacturers often release updates that can improve performance and fix known issues.
  
• Proper Shutdown Procedures: Always follow the manufacturer's recommended shutdown procedures to prevent unnecessary strain on the ECM and other electronic components.
  
• Training: Provide operators with training on recognizing signs of ECM-related issues and the importance of reporting them promptly.
  

The EW160 and Its Electrical Vulnerabilities
The Volvo EW160 wheeled excavator, particularly the 2003 model equipped with a Perkins diesel engine, is known for its versatility in urban and utility applications. With its compact swing radius and road mobility, it’s a favorite among municipalities and contractors. However, like many machines of its era, it relies heavily on electrical systems to manage engine startup, fuel delivery, and diagnostics. When these systems falter, even a healthy engine can refuse to start.
One recurring issue involves the machine shutting down unexpectedly and refusing to restart. The operator may see a “FUEL” message on the monitor, which can be misleading. While it suggests a fuel delivery problem, the root cause may lie elsewhere—often in the electrical system.
Interpreting the FUEL Message on the Display
The “FUEL” warning on the EW160’s screen doesn’t always mean the tank is empty. It can also indicate:
• A failed fuel pump relay
• A blown fuse in the fuel circuit
• A disconnected or corroded sensor wire
• A fault in the engine control unit (ECU) communication
In one documented case, the machine displayed the FUEL message and refused to crank. After inspecting the fuse panel, the technician discovered a single burned fuse. Replacing it immediately restored function, and the machine started without further issue.
Fuse Failures and Electrical Isolation
Fuses are designed to protect circuits from overload or short circuits. On the EW160, the fuel system is protected by a dedicated fuse, often located in the main panel behind the operator seat or under the dashboard. If this fuse fails:
• The fuel pump may not prime
• The ECU may not receive confirmation of fuel pressure
• The starter circuit may be disabled as a safety precaution
To diagnose:
• Check the fuse visually and with a multimeter
• Inspect surrounding wires for signs of abrasion or heat damage
• Confirm voltage at the fuel pump connector during key-on
• Test the relay by swapping with a known-good unit
If the fuse continues to blow after replacement, further investigation is needed to identify a short or overload condition.
Perkins Engine Integration and Startup Logic
The Perkins engine used in the EW160 is mechanically robust but relies on electronic signals to initiate fuel delivery. The ECU monitors fuel pressure, temperature, and throttle position before allowing startup. If any of these inputs are missing or out of range, the engine may not crank.
Common electrical failure points include:
• Ground strap corrosion between engine and frame
• Loose connectors at the ECU or fuse panel
• Moisture intrusion in the wiring harness
• Battery voltage drop during crank cycle
One operator noted that after replacing the fuse, the machine started immediately, confirming that the issue was electrical rather than mechanical. This highlights the importance of checking simple components before assuming complex failures.
Preventive Measures and Field Recommendations
To avoid future startup issues:
• Inspect and clean fuse panels during regular service intervals
• Replace aging fuses with OEM-rated components
• Use dielectric grease on connectors to prevent corrosion
• Monitor battery health and replace if voltage drops below 11.5V during crank
• Label critical fuses and relays for faster troubleshooting
For machines operating in wet or dusty environments, consider installing a sealed fuse box or relocating sensitive components to drier zones.
Conclusion
Startup problems on the Volvo EW160 are often electrical in nature, despite misleading messages like “FUEL” on the display. A single burned fuse can disable the entire fuel system, preventing the engine from starting even when mechanically sound. By understanding the integration between the Perkins engine and Volvo’s electrical architecture, technicians can resolve issues quickly and restore productivity. In the field, knowing where to look—and what not to assume—is half the battle.

Introduction
Skid steer loaders are versatile machines used in various industries, from construction to landscaping. One of the most essential attachments for these machines is the bucket. While standard buckets suffice for many tasks, there are situations where an extra-wide bucket is necessary. These specialized buckets offer increased capacity and efficiency, making them invaluable for specific applications.
Understanding Extra-Wide Buckets
Extra-wide buckets are typically wider than the standard 72-inch bucket, often ranging from 78 to 96 inches. The increased width allows for greater material handling capacity, reducing the number of trips needed to transport materials. This is particularly beneficial in tasks like snow removal, bulk material handling, and grading.
For instance, a 96-inch bucket can handle approximately 1.22 cubic yards of material, compared to the 0.82 cubic yards of a standard 84-inch bucket. This significant increase in capacity can lead to substantial time and labor savings on large-scale projects.
Factors to Consider
Before investing in an extra-wide bucket, several factors should be considered:

• Skid Steer Compatibility: Ensure that your skid steer can handle the increased width and weight of the larger bucket. Overloading can strain the machine and reduce its lifespan.
  
• Material Type: Lighter materials like mulch or snow are ideal for extra-wide buckets, as they fill the bucket more efficiently. Heavier materials may require more trips due to the weight limitations of the skid steer.
  
• Operating Environment: In tight spaces or areas with limited maneuverability, a wider bucket may hinder movement and reduce efficiency.
  

• Increased Efficiency: Handling more material per trip reduces the number of cycles needed, speeding up project completion.
  
• Cost Savings: Fewer trips translate to less fuel consumption and reduced labor costs.
  
• Versatility: Suitable for various tasks, including snow removal, landscaping, and bulk material handling.
  

• Maneuverability: The increased width can make it challenging to navigate tight spaces. Operators should be trained to handle the wider bucket effectively.
  
• Weight Distribution: The added weight can affect the skid steer's balance. It's essential to ensure that the machine's weight distribution is adequate to handle the extra load.
  
• Attachment Compatibility: Not all skid steers are compatible with extra-wide buckets. It's crucial to verify compatibility before purchasing.
  

Introduction
The John Deere 160LC is a robust and versatile hydraulic excavator widely used in construction and heavy-duty applications. However, like any complex machinery, it is susceptible to hydraulic system issues, including leaks. Addressing these leaks promptly is crucial to maintain the machine's performance and prevent further damage.
Common Causes of Hydraulic Leaks

1. Worn Seals and O-Rings
   Over time, seals and O-rings within the hydraulic system can degrade due to constant pressure and exposure to hydraulic fluid. This wear can lead to leaks at various connection points.
   Solution: Regularly inspect seals and O-rings for signs of wear or damage. Replace them with OEM parts to ensure proper sealing and prevent leaks.
   
2. Damaged Hydraulic Hoses
   Hydraulic hoses are subjected to high pressure and constant movement, making them prone to abrasion and wear. External factors like sharp edges or exposure to extreme temperatures can accelerate this process.
   Solution: Routinely check hoses for signs of wear, cracks, or bulges. Replace damaged hoses promptly to maintain system integrity.
   
3. Loose or Corroded Fittings
   Fittings that connect hydraulic lines can become loose or corroded over time, leading to leaks. Vibration and thermal expansion can exacerbate this issue.
   Solution: Regularly tighten fittings to the manufacturer's specifications and inspect for signs of corrosion. Clean or replace corroded fittings as necessary.
   
4. Faulty Hydraulic Components
   Internal components like pumps, valves, or cylinders can develop faults that lead to internal leaks, reducing system efficiency and causing fluid loss.
   Solution: If internal leaks are suspected, conduct pressure tests and inspect components for wear or damage. Replace faulty components to restore system performance.
   

1. Visual Inspection
   Begin with a thorough visual inspection of the hydraulic system, looking for signs of fluid accumulation or staining around seals, hoses, and fittings.
   
2. Pressure Testing
   Conduct pressure tests to identify internal leaks. This involves monitoring pressure gauges during operation to detect any drops that may indicate leaks.
   
3. Ultrasonic Leak Detection
   For hard-to-find leaks, ultrasonic leak detectors can be used to pinpoint the source of the leak by detecting the high-frequency sound waves produced by escaping fluid.
   

• Use OEM Parts: Always use original equipment manufacturer (OEM) parts for replacements to ensure compatibility and reliability.
  
• Regular Maintenance: Implement a regular maintenance schedule that includes checking fluid levels, inspecting components, and replacing worn parts.
  
• Proper Storage: Store hydraulic hoses and components in a clean, dry environment to prevent premature aging and damage.
  
• Training: Ensure that operators and maintenance personnel are properly trained to recognize signs of hydraulic issues and perform basic troubleshooting.
  

The Hidden Cost of Hydraulic Hose Failure
Hydraulic hoses are the circulatory system of earthmoving machines, and when one fails—whether from abrasion, age, or pressure fatigue—it can halt operations instantly. For operators of track loaders, excavators, and backhoes, hose failure rarely happens in a convenient moment. It’s often during peak workload, in remote terrain, or just before a deadline. The question then becomes: should you stock bulk hose and fittings for on-site repairs, or rely on a local hydraulic shop?
Bulk Hose and Reusable Fittings vs. Shop-Made Assemblies
Stocking bulk hose and reusable fittings offers independence. With the right tools and inventory, operators can fabricate replacement lines on the spot. This approach is especially appealing for those in rural areas or working odd hours. However, it comes with trade-offs:
• Reusable fittings are significantly more expensive than crimped ends
• Hose shelf life matters—rubber degrades over time, especially in humid or UV-exposed environments
• Crimping tools are costly and require calibration to avoid under- or over-crimping
• Field assembly increases the risk of contamination if not done in clean conditions
On the other hand, hydraulic shops offer precision, speed, and accountability. A well-equipped shop can fabricate hoses to spec, pressure-test them, and replace defective assemblies without hassle. For many operators, especially those with access to a reliable 24/7 shop, outsourcing hose fabrication is more economical and less stressful.
Pair Replacement and Preventive Strategy
One smart practice is replacing hoses in pairs. If one hose fails due to age or stress, its twin—exposed to the same conditions—is likely close behind. Replacing both reduces downtime and avoids repeat labor. This is especially relevant in high-pressure circuits like boom lift or bucket curl, where matched performance is critical.
Recommendations:
• Track hose age and exposure—UV, heat, and vibration accelerate degradation
• Replace hoses in pairs when failure is age-related, not impact-related
• Use abrasion sleeves or spiral wrap in high-wear zones
• Label hoses with install dates for future reference
Local Relationships and Barter Culture
In smaller communities, relationships matter. One operator maintained his local hose shop owner’s motorcycles in exchange for custom hose work. This kind of barter economy is common in rural equipment circles, where trust and mutual support often outweigh formal transactions.
Building rapport with local suppliers can lead to:
• Priority service during emergencies
• Access to off-hours support
• Better pricing on bulk orders
• Informal troubleshooting advice
Inventory Management and Hose Diversity
Stocking hose in-house requires managing multiple variables:
• Hose diameter (e.g., ¼", ⅜", ½", ¾")
• Pressure rating (e.g., SAE 100R2, 100R12)
• Fitting styles (JIC, ORFS, NPT, BSP)
• Lengths and bend radius requirements
A diverse inventory quickly becomes expensive and space-consuming. Unless the fleet is standardized, the cost of maintaining a full range of hose and fittings may outweigh the convenience.
Suggestions:
• Standardize equipment where possible to reduce hose variety
• Keep emergency repair kits with common sizes and adapters
• Use color-coded tags or QR labels to track hose specs and replacements
• Rotate stock to avoid aging inventory
Shelf Life and Hose Aging
Rubber hydraulic hose has a shelf life—typically five to seven years under ideal conditions. Exposure to ozone, oil mist, and temperature swings shortens this dramatically. Buying hose from a busy shop ensures fresher stock, while bulk hose stored in a shed may be years old before use.
Best practices:
• Store hose in cool, dry, dark environments
• Avoid stacking or bending hose in tight coils
• Inspect hose for surface cracking or stiffness before use
• Record purchase dates and rotate inventory regularly
Conclusion
Hydraulic hose strategy is a balance between independence and efficiency. For operators with frequent failures and remote jobsites, stocking bulk hose and fittings may offer peace of mind. But for most, a trusted hydraulic shop provides better quality, accountability, and cost control. Whether you choose DIY or delegation, the key is preparation—because when a hose pops, the clock starts ticking, and downtime is the most expensive fluid of all.

Introduction
Deep sewer installation is a critical aspect of urban infrastructure development, ensuring the efficient transportation of wastewater and stormwater beneath cityscapes. This process involves specialized techniques and equipment to navigate challenges such as varying soil conditions, existing utilities, and urban density. Understanding these methods is essential for professionals in civil engineering and construction.
Historical Evolution of Sewer Systems
The concept of sewer systems dates back to ancient civilizations. The Mesopotamians, around 4000 BCE, introduced clay sewer pipes to remove wastewater from sites and capture rainwater in wells. Similarly, the Romans developed advanced sanitation systems, including manholes and aqueducts, to manage waste and water supply efficiently. These early innovations laid the groundwork for modern sewer infrastructure.
In the United States, the 19th century marked significant advancements in sewer systems. The 1850s saw cities developing underground sewer piping to carry waste away, addressing public health concerns and improving urban living conditions. Over time, materials and construction methods evolved to meet the growing demands of urbanization.
Construction Methods for Deep Sewer Installation
Several construction methods are employed in deep sewer installation, each chosen based on site conditions, depth, and environmental considerations:

• Open Cut Excavation: This traditional method involves digging a trench to expose the existing sewer line, allowing for repairs or replacements. While effective, it can cause significant surface disruption and is less suitable for densely populated areas.
  
• Trenchless Technology: Techniques like Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) and microtunneling enable the installation of sewer lines with minimal surface disturbance. These methods are particularly beneficial in urban environments where open excavation is impractical.
  
• Hydromill Trench Cutters: Used for creating narrow but deep trenches, hydromills are equipped with two cutting wheels powered by hydraulic motors. They are ideal for constructing slurry walls and other deep underground structures.
  

• Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs): TBMs are large machines designed to excavate tunnels through various soil types. They are equipped with rotating cutters and are commonly used in deep sewer projects to create tunnels for pipe installation.
  
• Hydromill Trench Cutters: As mentioned, these machines are specialized for digging deep, narrow trenches. They are particularly useful in challenging soil conditions and for projects requiring precise trench dimensions.
  
• Directional Drilling Rigs: These rigs are employed in trenchless technology methods like HDD. They allow for the installation of sewer lines beneath obstacles such as roads and buildings without the need for extensive excavation.
  

• Rock Formations: Encountering bedrock during excavation can delay projects and increase costs. Solutions include using specialized drilling equipment or blasting techniques to break through hard rock layers.
  
• Utility Conflicts: Existing underground utilities can obstruct sewer installation. Careful planning and coordination are required to avoid damage to these utilities and ensure compliance with safety regulations.
  
• Soil Instability: Unstable soil conditions can lead to trench collapse or equipment failure. Implementing proper shoring techniques and soil stabilization methods can mitigate these risks.
  

Introduction
The Fiat Allis FT110 backhoe loader, produced during the late 1980s and early 1990s, was renowned for its versatility and robust performance in construction and agricultural applications. However, like many older machines, it is not immune to mechanical issues. One such problem reported by operators is the inability to drive forward, which can stem from various mechanical or hydraulic failures. Understanding the potential causes and solutions is crucial for restoring the machine's functionality.
Common Causes of Forward Driving Issues

1. Transmission Hydraulic Pump Failure
   The transmission hydraulic pump plays a vital role in supplying pressure to the transmission system, enabling gear engagement. A malfunctioning pump can lead to insufficient pressure, preventing the machine from moving forward. Symptoms of this issue include a lack of movement despite engine running and the presence of hydraulic fluid leaks.
   Solution: Inspect the hydraulic pump for wear or damage. If faulty, replacement is necessary. Ensure all connections are secure to prevent leaks.
   
2. Inching Pedal Linkage Problems
   The inching pedal controls the engagement of the transmission. If the linkage is obstructed or maladjusted, it can prevent the transmission from engaging properly, leading to a lack of forward movement.
   Solution: Check the inching pedal linkage for any signs of obstruction or wear. Adjust or replace components as needed to ensure smooth operation.
   
3. Bypass Mode Activation
   Some FT110 models are equipped with a transmission control system that enters a bypass mode when certain faults are detected, limiting gear selection and preventing forward movement.
   Solution: Inspect wheel speed sensors for damage or dirt, as they can trigger bypass mode. Clean or replace sensors and reset the system to restore normal operation.
   
4. Engine Performance Issues
   Low engine power can indirectly affect the machine's ability to move forward. If the engine is not producing sufficient power, the transmission may not receive the necessary input to engage gears effectively.
   Solution: Conduct a thorough inspection of the engine, including the turbocharger, fuel system, and air intake. Address any issues to restore optimal engine performance.
   

• Hydraulic System Checks: Ensure that the hydraulic system is free of air pockets, as air can cause erratic movements or lack of response. Bleed the system if necessary.
  
• Transmission Fluid Levels: Low or contaminated transmission fluid can impair performance. Regularly check and replace the fluid as per the manufacturer's recommendations.
  
• Electrical System Inspection: Faulty sensors or wiring can lead to incorrect signals being sent to the transmission control system. Inspect the electrical system for any issues and address them promptly.
  

Introduction to the Caterpillar D5K
The Caterpillar D5K is a mid-sized track-type tractor (dozer) designed for a variety of earthmoving tasks, including grading, land clearing, and construction site preparation. Introduced in the mid-2000s, the D5K series represented a significant advancement in dozer technology, offering improved fuel efficiency, enhanced operator comfort, and reduced maintenance costs compared to its predecessors.
Key Specifications

• Engine: The D5K is powered by a Caterpillar C4.4 ACERT™ engine, delivering a net power of 96 horsepower (71.6 kW). This engine is designed to meet Tier 3 emission standards, providing a balance between performance and environmental compliance.
  
• Operating Weight: Depending on the configuration, the D5K's operating weight ranges from approximately 20,741 lbs (9,408 kg) for the standard XL model to 21,347 lbs (9,683 kg) for the low ground pressure (LGP) version. The LGP model features wider tracks, distributing the machine's weight over a larger area to minimize ground disturbance.
  
• Hydrostatic Transmission: The D5K is equipped with a hydrostatic transmission, offering smooth and precise control, especially beneficial in applications requiring fine grading or maneuvering in confined spaces.
  
• Blade Options: The dozer can be fitted with various blade types, including straight, semi-U, and full-U blades, catering to different material handling and grading requirements.
  

The JCB 212SU and Its Wheel Configuration
The JCB 212SU is a compact backhoe-loader hybrid designed for utility work, farm maintenance, and municipal operations. It features a unique combination of four-wheel steering and equal-size tires, making it highly maneuverable in tight spaces. The factory wheel setup includes 11x18 rims with a 5-lug bolt pattern, typically fitted with 335/80-18 Michelin X27 tires. According to the manual, acceptable tire sizes range from 12.5x18 up to 405/70-20, depending on application and terrain.
This 5-lug configuration is not universal across all backhoe or TLB (tractor-loader-backhoe) brands, which complicates sourcing replacement wheels or tires—especially when trying to find affordable options locally or through surplus channels.
Understanding Bolt Patterns and Wheel Interchangeability
Bolt pattern refers to the number of lug holes and the diameter of the circle they form. A 5-lug pattern can vary widely in spacing and hub bore, meaning not all 5-lug wheels are interchangeable. For example:

• JCB’s 5-lug pattern may differ from Case or New Holland in both spacing and offset
  
• Some agricultural tractors use 5-lug wheels, but with larger hub bores or different center pilot designs
  
• Skid steers and compact loaders may use 6- or 8-lug patterns, making them incompatible despite similar rim sizes
  

• Bolt circle diameter (BCD or PCD)
  
• Center bore diameter
  
• Offset and backspacing
  
• Rim width and bead seat profile
  

• Older Ford industrial tractors (e.g., 550 series) sometimes used 5-lug wheels with similar spacing
  
• Some Massey Ferguson TLBs from the 1990s had comparable rim sizes, though hub bore may differ
  
• Certain compact utility tractors from Mahindra or Belarus used 5-lug wheels in the 18–20 inch range
  
• Military surplus trailers and airport tugs occasionally use heavy-duty 5-lug wheels with matching bolt circles
  

• Visiting local ag salvage yards and measuring wheels from retired tractors
  
• Searching eBay or surplus sites using bolt pattern and rim width filters
  
• Contacting tire shops that service municipal fleets—they may have take-offs from older machines
  
• Exploring aftermarket wheel manufacturers who offer blank rims that can be drilled to spec
  

• Measure all dimensions precisely—don’t rely on visual similarity
  
• Test-fit one wheel before purchasing a full set
  
• Avoid mixing radial and bias-ply tires on the same axle
  
• Use proper torque specs when installing lug nuts
  
• Recheck wheel clearance during full steering articulation and suspension travel