The Ford F-700 and Its Capabilities
The Ford F-700 was part of Ford’s medium-duty truck lineup during the 1980s, designed for vocational use in construction, agriculture, and municipal fleets. Built on a robust chassis with a single rear axle, the 1985 model typically featured a gasoline or diesel engine paired with electric-over-hydraulic brakes. Its Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) was approximately 29,000 pounds, placing it in the Class 7 category. Ford’s medium-duty trucks were widely adopted across North America, with tens of thousands sold annually during their peak years. The F-700 was known for its simplicity and durability, but it was never intended to haul extreme loads without proper configuration.
Understanding Towing Limits and Legal Constraints
Towing a Komatsu PC120 excavator, which weighs approximately 26,400 to 28,000 pounds depending on configuration and attachments, presents a challenge. When paired with a trailer weighing at least 7,000 pounds empty, the combined weight exceeds 33,000 pounds, far beyond the F-700’s GVWR. This raises several concerns:

• Combined Gross Weight Rating (CGWR): The total weight of truck, trailer, and load must remain within legal limits.
  
• Brake system limitations: Electric-over-hydraulic brakes are insufficient for stopping such mass safely.
  
• Axle and tire ratings: Single rear axles cannot distribute the load effectively, risking tire blowouts and axle failure.
  
• Licensing and registration: Tags must reflect the actual weight being hauled, and exceeding them can result in fines or impoundment.
  

• GVWR (Gross Vehicle Weight Rating): Maximum allowable weight of the vehicle including cargo.
  
• CGWR (Combined Gross Weight Rating): Maximum allowable weight of vehicle plus trailer and load.
  
• Electric-over-hydraulic brakes: A hybrid braking system using electric signals to activate hydraulic pressure.
  
• Tag trailer: A trailer that attaches to the rear of a truck without transferring weight to the truck’s rear axle.
  

• Cat 312 excavator: 28,292 lbs bare, 32,450 lbs fully equipped.
  
• Typical tag trailer: 7,000–9,000 lbs empty.
  
• F-700 curb weight: ~10,000–12,000 lbs depending on configuration.
  

• Tandem axle trucks: Distribute weight more effectively and support higher GVWR.
  
• Air brake systems: Provide better stopping power and meet legal requirements for heavy loads.
  
• Lowboy trailers: Lower center of gravity and better weight distribution.
  
• Pushers or tag axles: Increase legal weight capacity and improve stability.
  

The ElJay 45 Rollercone is a highly regarded cone crusher used in a variety of industries for its robust performance and reliability in processing materials like rock, gravel, and sand. It is designed for secondary and tertiary crushing applications, helping to produce uniform aggregates while offering the flexibility to handle different types of feed materials. However, like any heavy machinery, it can encounter issues over time. This article will explore the key features of the ElJay 45 Rollercone, common maintenance concerns, troubleshooting tips, and solutions for optimal operation.
Understanding the ElJay 45 Rollercone
The ElJay 45 Rollercone is part of a series of cone crushers manufactured by ElJay, a company known for its innovations in the mining and aggregates industries. The Rollercone design uses a combination of a rotating cone and a fixed outer chamber to crush materials efficiently. The crusher is equipped with a set of tapered bearings and a specially designed spiral gear system that helps reduce friction, improving both performance and lifespan.
The main components of the ElJay 45 Rollercone include:

• Main Frame: This supports all the internal components and ensures structural stability during operation.
  
• Cone Head: The cone head is the rotating part of the crusher, responsible for the crushing action as it moves against the stationary outer cone.
  
• Hydraulic System: The hydraulic system controls the adjustment of the crushing gap, allowing for easy customization of the output size.
  
• Bearings: The Rollercone design relies heavily on precision bearings to reduce friction, increasing efficiency and reducing wear on critical parts.
  
• Adjustment Mechanism: The hydraulic adjustment system allows operators to easily change the closed-side setting (CSS), which controls the size of the crushed output.
  

1. Excessive Wear on Components
   Over time, components like the liners, bearings, and the mainframe may experience significant wear. The high forces involved in crushing hard materials can cause these parts to degrade, leading to inefficiencies or potential equipment failure. Regular inspections of the wear parts, especially the cone liner and the feed opening, are essential to identify wear early on and replace parts as needed.
   
2. Bearing Failure
   Bearing issues are among the most common problems in the Rollercone, especially in the tapered roller bearings that are responsible for maintaining the cone’s alignment and rotation. If these bearings become damaged or worn, it can lead to a reduction in performance and, in extreme cases, complete failure. Bearing failure is often caused by a lack of proper lubrication, contamination of the lubrication system, or overload conditions.
   
3. Hydraulic System Issues
   The hydraulic system is crucial for adjusting the crusher’s settings. If there are leaks, insufficient pressure, or contamination of the hydraulic fluid, the crusher’s settings may not be able to be adjusted properly, which can result in inefficient crushing and reduced throughput. In addition, improper hydraulic pressure can cause damage to the adjustment mechanisms, leading to costly repairs.
   
4. Clogging and Blockages
   The feed opening of the Rollercone can become clogged with oversized materials or debris. Blockages can disrupt the flow of material, causing downtime as operators work to clear the obstruction. Overfeeding the crusher or using the wrong feed size can contribute to this issue.
   
5. Poor Product Gradation
   The ElJay 45 Rollercone is designed to produce a uniform product size. However, if the cone is not operating optimally, such as with an incorrect closed-side setting (CSS) or excessive wear on the liners, the resulting product can have inconsistent gradation. This can affect downstream processes like screening and washing, leading to additional costs and delays.
   

1. Routine Inspections
   Perform regular inspections of the machine’s critical components, including bearings, liners, and the hydraulic system. Look for signs of wear, cracks, or misalignment, and address these issues promptly to prevent more significant damage. Checking the oil level and fluid quality in the hydraulic system is essential to ensure proper performance.
   
2. Monitor the Hydraulic Pressure
   Ensuring that the hydraulic system is operating within the correct pressure range is crucial for adjusting the cone properly. Low hydraulic pressure may lead to insufficient crushing force or inability to adjust the CSS, while excessive pressure could cause damage to seals or other components.
   
3. Replace Worn Parts Early
   If wear is detected in the liners or bearings, it is essential to replace them early. Worn parts not only reduce the efficiency of the crusher but can also lead to further damage. The bearing lubrication system should also be checked regularly to ensure that the bearings are receiving adequate oil.
   
4. Clear Clogs and Blockages
   To avoid clogging and blockages, operators should ensure that the feed material is within the recommended size limits and that the material is fed evenly into the crusher. If blockages occur, they should be cleared immediately to avoid damage to the machine or the crushing process.
   
5. Check for Proper Cone Alignment
   Misalignment of the cone can lead to poor crushing efficiency and damage to the mainframe and bearings. Ensuring that the cone is properly aligned and that all parts are functioning in harmony is crucial for optimal performance.
   

The Rise of Genie and the TMZ-50/30 Series
Genie Industries, founded in 1966 in Washington State, revolutionized aerial work platforms with its pneumatic lift systems. By the late 1990s, Genie had become a global leader in mobile elevating work platforms (MEWPs), offering a wide range of scissor lifts, articulating booms, and towable units. The TMZ-50/30 towable boom lift was introduced around 2000 as a compact, trailer-mounted solution for contractors, arborists, and facility managers needing vertical and horizontal reach without investing in a full-size self-propelled lift.
The TMZ-50/30 features a 50-foot maximum platform height and a 30-foot horizontal outreach, making it ideal for signage, lighting, and tree trimming. Its popularity surged in North America, with thousands of units sold before Genie was acquired by Terex Corporation in 2002. The gasoline-powered variant, often equipped with a Briggs & Stratton or Honda engine, offered portability and ease of use for small crews.
Core Systems and Control Architecture
The TMZ-50/30 integrates several subsystems:

• Hydraulic lift cylinders: Primary and secondary cylinders control boom elevation and extension.
  
• Outrigger stabilization: Four hydraulic outriggers ensure safe operation on uneven terrain.
  
• Touchpad control overlays: Membrane-style input panels at ground and platform stations.
  
• Limit switches: Safety devices that prevent overextension or unsafe movement.
  
• Blue circuit boards: Genie's proprietary control logic boards that manage input signals and actuator responses.
  

• Voltage instability: Aging wiring or corroded connectors may cause inconsistent power delivery.
  
• Relay fatigue: Mechanical relays on the circuit board may stick or fail to engage.
  
• Touchpad degradation: Membrane switches lose sensitivity over time, especially in outdoor conditions.
  
• Control board aging: The blue circuit boards may suffer from solder joint fatigue or capacitor failure.
  

• Limit switch: A sensor that detects mechanical position and prevents unsafe movement.
  
• Membrane touchpad: A flexible input surface with embedded circuits for button detection.
  
• Relay: An electrically operated switch used to control high-current devices.
  
• Hydraulic seal: A component that prevents fluid leakage in pressurized systems.
  

• Rewire the outrigger circuits using marine-grade connectors and heat-shrink tubing.
  
• Replace all limit switches with sealed industrial-grade units rated for outdoor use.
  
• Install new overlays on both ground and platform controls to ensure reliable input.
  
• Reseal hydraulic cylinders with OEM or high-quality aftermarket kits.
  
• Inspect and clean circuit boards, checking for cold solder joints or bulging capacitors.
  

• Perform monthly electrical inspections, focusing on ground paths and relay function.
  
• Replace touchpads every 5–7 years, especially in high-use environments.
  
• Use synthetic hydraulic fluid to reduce seal wear and improve cold-weather performance.
  
• Maintain a log of key cycles and fault codes to identify emerging patterns.
  

The JCB 3CX backhoe loader, a popular piece of equipment in construction, agriculture, and roadwork, is known for its versatility and durability. However, like any complex machine, it can encounter issues that affect its performance. One such issue is related to the slew speed, or the speed at which the machine’s upper body (the cab and boom) rotates around its undercarriage. A slow slew speed can hinder productivity and efficiency, especially when quick turns and precise movements are required for tasks such as excavation, loading, or lifting.
In this article, we will explore the causes of slew speed problems in the JCB 3CX, how to diagnose these issues, and the best ways to resolve them.
What is Slew Speed and Why is it Important?
Slew speed refers to the rotational speed of the upper part of a backhoe loader, including the cab and boom, relative to the undercarriage. The slew mechanism is typically powered by hydraulic systems that control the rotation of the machine's upper body. Slew speed plays a crucial role in the efficiency of the backhoe’s operations, especially when maneuvering around tight spaces or switching between tasks. A slower-than-usual slew speed can make the machine less responsive and decrease productivity.
The slew speed on the JCB 3CX is typically controlled by hydraulic motors that operate based on input from the operator. When working with large loads or on busy construction sites, the ability to quickly rotate the boom and cab can save time and reduce operator fatigue.
Common Causes of Slow Slew Speed in JCB 3CX
Several factors can contribute to slow slew speed, ranging from hydraulic issues to mechanical malfunctions. Understanding these causes is essential for diagnosing the problem accurately.

1. Hydraulic System Problems
   The slew function is driven by the hydraulic system, so any issues with hydraulic pressure or flow can directly affect the speed of rotation. Common hydraulic problems include:
   • Low Hydraulic Fluid Levels: Insufficient hydraulic fluid can reduce the pressure needed to operate the slew motor, causing it to move slowly or erratically.
     
   • Contaminated Hydraulic Fluid: Dirty or contaminated hydraulic fluid can clog filters and restrict fluid flow, reducing the overall efficiency of the hydraulic system, including the slew motor.
     
   • Faulty Hydraulic Pump: A failing hydraulic pump may not generate enough pressure to power the slew motor adequately. This can result in slower slew speeds or intermittent operation.
     
   • Leaks in the Hydraulic System: Leaking hydraulic lines or seals can cause a loss of pressure, leading to inadequate power being delivered to the slew mechanism.
     
   • Blocked Hydraulic Valves: The valves controlling hydraulic flow to the slew motor can become blocked or damaged, limiting the speed at which the upper body rotates.
     
2. Slew Motor Issues
   The slew motor is the heart of the rotational system on the JCB 3CX. If the motor itself is faulty or damaged, it can reduce the slew speed significantly. Common motor issues include:
   • Worn or Damaged Slew Motor: Over time, the slew motor’s internal components may wear out, leading to reduced efficiency or failure to maintain proper rotational speed.
     
   • Improper Motor Calibration: If the motor is not calibrated correctly, it can cause sluggish or jerky movements during operation.
     
   • Electrical Issues: Since many of the control systems in modern backhoe loaders are electrically controlled, any electrical faults affecting the slew motor’s sensors or wiring can cause issues with the motor's performance.
     
3. Faulty or Worn Hydraulic Hoses and Fittings
   Hydraulic hoses are essential for transmitting fluid to various components, including the slew motor. If these hoses are cracked, clogged, or damaged, they can cause a reduction in hydraulic fluid pressure, resulting in slower slew speeds.
   
4. Slew Gearbox or Bearings Issues
   The slew gearbox, which connects the hydraulic motor to the upper structure, plays a crucial role in transferring the hydraulic energy into rotational motion. Over time, the gearbox or its bearings can wear out, leading to slow or uneven rotation.
   • Worn Bearings: Bearings support the rotation of the upper body. If they become worn, they can increase friction, slowing down the slew speed.
     
   • Gearbox Damage: Internal wear or damage to the gears in the slew gearbox can reduce the efficiency of the rotational mechanism.
     
5. Operator Settings or Misadjustments
   Sometimes, the issue with slow slew speed is not mechanical but related to the settings or adjustments made by the operator. For example:
   • Throttle Settings: If the throttle is not set to the correct position, hydraulic power may not be sufficient to drive the slew motor at the desired speed.
     
   • Control Lever Calibration: Miscalibrated control levers or malfunctioning joystick controls can make the machine appear to have slow slew speeds.
     
6. Overloaded or Improperly Balanced Machine
   If the machine is overloaded or not properly balanced, it may struggle to perform tasks efficiently, including rotating the boom. Excessive load on the machine can cause a decrease in hydraulic power and result in a slow slew.
   

1. Check Hydraulic Fluid Levels and Condition:
   Start by inspecting the hydraulic fluid levels. Ensure that the fluid is at the proper level and is clean. If the fluid appears contaminated or has debris floating in it, change it and replace the filters.
   
2. Inspect Hydraulic Hoses and Fittings:
   Examine the hydraulic hoses for signs of leaks, cracks, or wear. If you find any damaged hoses, replace them immediately. Also, check the hydraulic fittings to ensure they are tight and secure.
   
3. Test the Hydraulic Pump:
   A hydraulic pressure test can help determine if the pump is functioning properly. If the pressure readings are low, the pump may need to be repaired or replaced.
   
4. Examine the Slew Motor:
   Inspect the slew motor for signs of wear or damage. If the motor is making strange noises, or if it is not responding as expected, it may need to be replaced.
   
5. Check the Slew Gearbox:
   Inspect the slew gearbox for any signs of wear or damage. Listen for unusual noises and check the gearbox’s oil levels. If the gears are damaged or worn out, they may need to be repaired or replaced.
   
6. Assess the Machine’s Load:
   Ensure that the machine is not overloaded and that the load is evenly distributed. Excess weight or poor balance can strain the hydraulic system and affect the slew speed.
   

1. Refill or Replace Hydraulic Fluid: If the hydraulic fluid is low or contaminated, replace it with the correct type of fluid and change the filters. Keeping the fluid clean will ensure the smooth operation of the hydraulic system.
   
2. Repair Hydraulic Leaks: Fix any leaking hoses, seals, or fittings to restore proper hydraulic pressure. This will improve the efficiency of the slew motor.
   
3. Replace Worn Hydraulic Pump or Motor: If the hydraulic pump or slew motor is found to be faulty, replace it with a new or reconditioned part. Ensuring these components are in good condition will restore the slew speed.
   
4. Replace Damaged Bearings or Gearbox Components: If the slew gearbox or bearings are worn out, they will need to be replaced. This will reduce friction and improve the rotational speed of the upper body.
   
5. Adjust Operator Settings: If the issue is related to throttle or control lever calibration, adjust the settings to ensure that the operator is able to control the slew speed properly.
   
6. Ensure Proper Machine Balance: Make sure that the load is not excessive and that the machine is balanced. Proper weight distribution can alleviate strain on the hydraulic system and improve performance.
   

The Legacy of the MF 60 Backhoe Loader
The Massey Ferguson 60 backhoe loader was part of a robust line of construction equipment developed during the 1970s and 1980s, when Massey Ferguson sought to expand beyond agricultural machinery into the earthmoving sector. Known for its rugged build and straightforward mechanics, the MF 60 was widely adopted in North America and parts of Europe. Massey Ferguson, originally founded in 1847 in Ontario, Canada, became a global brand through its merger with Ferguson Company in 1953. By the time the MF 60 was introduced, the company had already sold millions of tractors worldwide, and its backhoe loaders were gaining traction among municipal contractors and small construction firms.
Hydraulic Pump Function and Importance
The hydraulic pump in the MF 60 is the heart of its backhoe and loader operations. It converts mechanical energy from the engine into hydraulic pressure, which powers the boom, dipper, bucket, and loader arms. The original pump model often referenced is 70500-9000E, a gear-type hydraulic pump known for its simplicity and reliability.
In technical terms, this pump operates by using rotating gears to draw hydraulic fluid from the reservoir and push it into the system under pressure. This type of pump is classified as a positive displacement pump, meaning it delivers a fixed amount of fluid per rotation, ensuring consistent force output.
Common Issues and Diagnostic Clues
Operators of aging MF 60 units frequently encounter problems such as:

• Loss of hydraulic pressure: Often caused by internal wear in the pump gears or housing.
  
• Slow or jerky movement: May indicate air ingress or cavitation within the pump.
  
• Fluid leakage: Typically due to worn seals or cracked pump casing.
  
• Noisy operation: A sign of gear misalignment or bearing failure.
  

• Cross-reference part numbers: The 70500-9000E pump may be compatible with other Massey Ferguson models or aftermarket equivalents.
  
• Consult regional tractor salvage yards: Many maintain inventories of older components.
  
• Use rebuild kits: If the pump housing is intact, internal components like gears and seals can be replaced.
  

• Flow rate: 12–16 GPM
  
• Operating pressure: 2,500–3,000 PSI
  
• Shaft type: keyed or splined, depending on variant
  

• GPM (Gallons Per Minute): A measure of fluid flow rate.
  
• PSI (Pounds per Square Inch): Indicates hydraulic pressure.
  
• Cavitation: Formation of vapor bubbles in fluid due to low pressure, damaging pump internals.
  
• Positive displacement pump: A pump that moves a fixed volume of fluid per cycle.
  

• Use clean, manufacturer-recommended hydraulic fluid.
  
• Replace filters every 250–500 operating hours.
  
• Inspect hoses and fittings for leaks or wear.
  
• Avoid operating the loader at extreme angles that may starve the pump of fluid.
  

• Confirm the issue with pressure testing before replacing.
  
• Source parts through trusted salvage yards or rebuild specialists.
  
• Consider upgrading to a modern equivalent if compatible.
  
• Maintain a log of fluid changes and repairs to track wear trends.
  

A broken valve spring is a serious issue that can lead to poor engine performance and, if left unchecked, can cause significant engine damage. Valve springs play an essential role in the engine’s valve train, controlling the opening and closing of the engine’s intake and exhaust valves. If a valve spring breaks or becomes damaged, it can cause the engine to misfire, lose power, or even sustain more severe damage. But what should an operator do when faced with a broken valve spring? Is it safe to continue running the engine, or is immediate repair necessary?
This article will delve into the role of valve springs, the potential consequences of running an engine with a broken valve spring, and how to approach the situation.
The Role of Valve Springs in Engine Operation
Valve springs are critical components in an internal combustion engine. Their primary function is to ensure the proper timing and movement of the engine’s valves, which control the flow of air and exhaust gases into and out of the engine. There are typically two types of valves in an engine: intake valves and exhaust valves. Both need to open and close at precise times to maintain the engine’s efficiency.
The valve spring works in tandem with the camshaft and lifters to regulate the valves' movement. The camshaft pushes the valves open at specific intervals, and the valve spring pushes them back closed when the camshaft moves away. This continuous cycle allows the engine to intake fuel and air and expel exhaust gases in the correct sequence. Without functioning valve springs, this process would be interrupted, leading to a range of performance issues.
What Happens When a Valve Spring Breaks?
If a valve spring breaks or weakens, it can create a variety of issues for the engine. The most common symptoms of a broken valve spring include:

1. Misfires: A broken valve spring can cause a misfire in the affected cylinder. When the valve does not open or close at the proper time, it can disrupt the engine’s compression cycle, leading to incomplete combustion.
   
2. Loss of Power: A broken valve spring can cause a decrease in engine performance. The loss of compression or improper timing of the intake and exhaust valves leads to reduced power output, resulting in sluggish acceleration and overall inefficiency.
   
3. Rough Idle: When one or more valves do not close properly due to a broken spring, the engine may idle roughly or inconsistently. This is often noticeable when the engine is running at low RPMs.
   
4. Increased Engine Noise: A damaged valve spring can cause tapping or ticking noises in the engine as the valve fails to close properly. The valve may even bounce or slap against the cylinder head.
   
5. Potential Engine Damage: In extreme cases, a broken valve spring can lead to more significant damage. For example, if the valve doesn’t seat correctly, it can cause a piston-to-valve collision. This can result in bent valves, damaged pistons, or cracked cylinder heads, which could be costly to repair.
   

1. Short-Term Use vs. Long-Term Reliability: Running an engine with a broken valve spring is not advisable for the long term. While it may be possible to run the engine for a short period, especially if the damage is minor, it is always better to address the issue as soon as possible. Prolonged use can exacerbate the damage and lead to more costly repairs.
   
2. Engine Performance Degradation: Even if the engine seems to be running, a broken valve spring will undoubtedly degrade performance over time. Misfires, loss of power, and rough idling will worsen, affecting the overall driving experience and fuel efficiency. The longer you run the engine with a broken valve spring, the more severe the symptoms will become.
   
3. Increased Risk of Further Damage: One of the significant risks of running an engine with a broken valve spring is that it can lead to further mechanical damage. The valve may not close completely, which can result in improper compression and lead to engine knocking. If the situation worsens, the valve could even drop into the cylinder, causing catastrophic damage to the piston, cylinder head, or other critical engine components.
   
4. Avoiding Further Complications: If you notice signs of a broken valve spring, it’s best to address the problem sooner rather than later. If the spring has completely broken, the valve may stay open, preventing the engine from firing properly. This can quickly lead to issues with the ignition system, combustion, and overall engine operation.
   

• Unusual Engine Noise: Tapping, ticking, or popping sounds coming from the engine could indicate a valve spring issue.
  
• Reduced Engine Performance: If you notice a loss of power, slower acceleration, or rough idling, it may be a sign of a valve spring failure.
  
• Misfires: If the engine misfires intermittently, especially at higher RPMs, this could be due to a broken valve spring not properly closing the valve.
  
• Excessive Smoke: A broken valve spring can cause the engine to burn oil or leak exhaust gases, potentially leading to blue or black smoke from the exhaust.
  

1. Prevention of Further Damage: Replacing the broken valve spring as soon as possible will prevent further engine damage. Running the engine with a broken spring can cause more severe issues, such as damaged valves, pistons, or cylinder heads.
   
2. Improved Engine Performance: Fixing the broken valve spring will restore proper valve timing, which in turn will restore engine power and efficiency. You will notice smoother operation, better acceleration, and a more consistent idle.
   
3. Cost-Effectiveness: While replacing a valve spring may seem like a costly repair, it is far less expensive than repairing a more significant engine issue caused by prolonged running with a broken spring. The potential costs of engine damage from running the engine improperly could quickly surpass the price of a simple valve spring replacement.
   

1. Remove the Valve Cover: The first step is to remove the valve cover, exposing the valve train components. You will need to unbolt and remove the cover to gain access to the springs.
   
2. Remove the Rocker Arms: Next, remove the rocker arms, which control the opening and closing of the valves. This requires carefully unbolting the arms and setting them aside.
   
3. Release the Valve Spring: Use a valve spring compressor tool to release the pressure on the valve spring. This tool allows you to safely compress the spring and remove it without damaging the surrounding components.
   
4. Replace the Valve Spring: Install the new valve spring, ensuring it is properly seated and aligned. Check that the spring is under the correct amount of tension.
   
5. Reassemble the Engine: After replacing the spring, reassemble the valve train components, including the rocker arms and valve cover. Ensure all bolts are tightened to the manufacturer’s torque specifications.
   
6. Test the Engine: Once everything is reassembled, start the engine and monitor its performance. Check for any signs of misfires, abnormal noise, or oil leaks.
   

Background of the Bobcat 773 Skid Steer
The Bobcat 773 skid steer loader belongs to the G-Series, a generation of compact equipment that gained popularity in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Manufactured by Bobcat Company, a subsidiary of Doosan Group since 2007, the 773 model was designed for versatility in construction, landscaping, and agricultural tasks. With a rated operating capacity of around 1,750 lbs and a turbocharged diesel engine producing approximately 46 horsepower, the 773 offered a balance of power and maneuverability. By the mid-2000s, Bobcat had sold hundreds of thousands of skid steers globally, with the 773 being one of the most widely adopted models in North America.
Understanding the Fuel Sensor System
The fuel sensor in the Bobcat 773 is part of the fuel level monitoring system, which includes a float mechanism inside the fuel tank, a sending unit, and a dashboard gauge. The float rises and falls with the fuel level, transmitting resistance values to the gauge via the sending unit. This resistance is converted into a readable fuel level. In technical terms, the sending unit operates on a variable resistor principle, often referred to as a potentiometric sensor.
Common Symptoms and Diagnostic Clues
Owners of the 773 G-Series have reported persistent issues where the fuel gauge reads empty despite a full tank. This symptom typically points to one of the following:

• Faulty sending unit: The float may be stuck or the resistor worn out.
  
• Disconnected or corroded wiring: Electrical continuity is essential for accurate readings.
  
• Dashboard gauge malfunction: Less common, but possible if the display unit fails.
  

• Disconnecting the battery to prevent electrical shorts.
  
• Removing the protective shroud over the tank.
  
• Locating the sensor port, typically sealed with a circular flange and screws.
  
• Extracting the sending unit carefully to avoid damaging the float arm.
  

• Use clean diesel fuel and avoid contamination.
  
• Periodically inspect wiring harnesses for wear or corrosion.
  
• Avoid overfilling the tank, which can stress the float mechanism.
  

• Float mechanism: A buoyant arm inside the tank that moves with fuel level.
  
• Sending unit: Converts float position into electrical resistance.
  
• Potentiometric sensor: A type of variable resistor used in fuel level detection.
  
• OEM: Original Equipment Manufacturer, referring to factory-authorized parts.
  

• Begin with a visual inspection of wiring and connectors.
  
• Test the sending unit with a multimeter before replacing.
  
• Source parts from verified dealers using your machine’s serial number.
  
• Consider upgrading to digital sensors if operating in high-risk environments.
  

Maintaining track tension is essential for ensuring the optimal performance and longevity of tracked heavy equipment. In machines like the Caterpillar E110B, the track tensioner plays a critical role in keeping the tracks properly adjusted, which directly impacts the machine's ability to handle various tasks such as digging, lifting, and pushing. One of the most common maintenance tasks for the track tensioner involves replacing worn or damaged seals, which can lead to fluid leaks and improper track tension. This article delves into the process of changing seals on the track tensioner of the CAT E110B, providing a comprehensive guide for operators and mechanics.
What is a Track Tensioner?
The track tensioner is a hydraulic system used to maintain the correct tension on the machine’s tracks. It ensures that the tracks are neither too tight nor too loose, which is essential for both performance and safety. A properly tensioned track allows for better traction, smoother operation, and increased efficiency, especially in difficult working conditions such as muddy or rocky terrain.
For the CAT E110B, the track tensioner consists of several components, including a hydraulic cylinder, a grease-filled chamber, and seals that prevent fluid leakage. Over time, the seals can deteriorate due to wear and tear, leading to fluid loss and reduced tension in the tracks. When this happens, it becomes necessary to replace the seals to restore the functionality of the tensioner.
Common Symptoms of Seal Issues in Track Tensioners
Before diving into the seal replacement process, it's important to recognize the signs of worn or damaged seals in the track tensioner. Some common symptoms include:

• Track Slippage: If the track tension is too loose due to fluid leakage, the tracks may slip or fail to grip properly, affecting the machine’s performance.
  
• Oil Leaks: Leaking hydraulic fluid around the tensioner or undercarriage is a clear indication of seal damage. If left unaddressed, the loss of hydraulic fluid can lead to further damage to the tensioner or other hydraulic components.
  
• Uneven Track Wear: If the track is too tight or too loose, it can cause uneven wear, leading to a shorter lifespan of both the tracks and the undercarriage components.
  
• Difficulty in Adjusting Track Tension: When seals fail, the tensioning system may not operate smoothly, making it difficult to adjust the track tension.
  

• Hydraulic Fluid: Fresh hydraulic fluid will be needed to refill the tensioner system once the seals are replaced.
  
• Seal Kit: Ensure you have the correct replacement seals that are compatible with the CAT E110B track tensioner.
  
• Wrenches and Socket Set: A variety of wrenches and sockets will be necessary to remove and replace the bolts securing the tensioner and other components.
  
• Seal Puller: This tool is useful for removing the old seals without damaging the surrounding components.
  
• Clean Rags and Degreaser: These will be needed to clean the components and ensure no dirt or debris enters the hydraulic system during reassembly.
  
• Torque Wrench: A torque wrench will be necessary to properly tighten the bolts to the manufacturer’s specifications.
  
• Jack and Support Stands: These will be used to safely lift and secure the machine while you work on the undercarriage.
  

1. Regular Inspection: Regularly inspect the track tensioner and surrounding components for leaks, damage, and wear. Early detection of issues can prevent more costly repairs later.
   
2. Proper Hydraulic Fluid Maintenance: Keep the hydraulic fluid clean and at the proper level. Dirty or low hydraulic fluid can cause excessive wear on seals and other components.
   
3. Track Tension Adjustment: Ensure that the track tension is correctly adjusted according to the manufacturer’s guidelines. Both over-tensioning and under-tensioning can cause excessive strain on the track and tensioner.
   
4. Avoid Operating in Extreme Conditions: While the CAT E110B is built to handle tough environments, operating in extremely harsh conditions, such as excessive mud or saltwater, can increase wear on seals. Clean the undercarriage regularly to remove debris and contaminants.
   

The Bobcat 763 and Its Hydraulic Control System
The Bobcat 763 skid steer loader, introduced in the mid-1990s, became one of the most popular models in Bobcat’s compact equipment lineup. Powered by a Kubota V2203 diesel engine and equipped with a hydraulic control valve block for lift and tilt functions, the 763 was designed for simplicity, reliability, and ease of maintenance. By the early 2000s, tens of thousands of units had been sold globally, with many still in active service today. The hydraulic system uses foot pedals linked to spool valves that direct fluid to the lift and tilt cylinders.
Symptoms of Spool Sticking and Pedal Resistance
Operators have reported that after replacing seals on the lift and tilt spools, the tilt function becomes difficult to operate. The heel pedal (tilt up) sticks in the down position and must be manually returned with the toe. The issue worsens at higher RPMs and makes fine control nearly impossible. In some cases, rocking the bucket forward temporarily frees the pedal, suggesting mechanical interference or hydraulic binding.
Terminology Notes

• Spool Valve: A cylindrical valve that slides within a bore to direct hydraulic flow. It is actuated by pedals or levers.
  
• Centering Spring: A spring-loaded mechanism that returns the spool to neutral when the pedal is released.
  
• Detent: A mechanical notch or resistance point that holds the spool in a fixed position until manually released.
  
• Valve Block: The housing that contains multiple spool valves and directs hydraulic fluid to various functions.
  

• Centering Spring Cap Misalignment: After resealing the spool, the centering spring cap may not seat properly. Operators noted that removing and reinstalling the cap temporarily restores smooth operation, but the problem returns after 10–15 minutes. This suggests internal misalignment or pressure buildup affecting spool movement.
  
• Debris in Valve Block: A small fragment of seal material or metal shaving inside the valve block can obstruct spool travel. Under pressure, this debris may shift and cause binding. Cleaning the valve block thoroughly during reassembly is critical.
  
• Spool Orientation: Rotating the spool 180 degrees did not resolve the issue, indicating that the problem is not directional wear but internal interference.
  
• Cylinder Contamination: A failing tilt cylinder may shed debris into the hydraulic system, which then lodges in the spool bore. This can cause intermittent sticking and rough pedal response.
  

• Flush Hydraulic System:
  • Drain and replace fluid with OEM-grade hydraulic oil.
    
  • Clean valve block thoroughly during disassembly.
    
• Inspect Spool and Bore for Scoring:
  • Use a flashlight and pick to check for burrs or wear.
    
  • Replace spool if crack or deformation is found.
    
• Check Cylinder Integrity:
  • Disconnect tilt cylinder and inspect for internal leakage or contamination.
    
  • Rebuild or replace if debris is present.
    
• Verify Spring Cap Seating:
  • Ensure centering spring cap is torqued evenly.
    
  • Use light grease to aid seating but avoid overpacking.
    
• Test Pedal Linkage Independently:
  

• Disconnect pedal from spool and test movement.
  
• Rule out mechanical binding in linkage or pivot points.
  

Brush cutters are indispensable tools for clearing overgrown vegetation, cutting through thick brush, and managing land in various industries such as agriculture, construction, forestry, and landscaping. These versatile machines are designed to tackle dense underbrush, weeds, tall grass, and even small trees, making them a vital piece of equipment for land management. In this article, we will explore the various types of brush cutters, their features, common applications, and maintenance tips to ensure longevity and optimal performance.
What is a Brush Cutter?
A brush cutter is a machine designed to clear thick vegetation and brush from large areas of land. These machines can range from smaller, handheld models to large, tractor-mounted units, and are typically equipped with different types of cutting blades or attachments, depending on the type of vegetation being targeted. Unlike lawn mowers, which are primarily used for grass and other light vegetation, brush cutters are built to handle tougher, more dense plant growth such as shrubs, vines, and small trees.
Brush cutters are powered by either gasoline or electric engines, and their cutting heads may use a variety of tools, including rotary blades, steel discs, or string trimmers. Some models are designed for one-time use, while others are capable of handling continuous, heavy-duty work in industrial or commercial settings.
Types of Brush Cutters
There are several types of brush cutters on the market, each designed for different applications. The most common types include:

1. Handheld Brush Cutters
   These are small, lightweight models designed for individual users to operate manually. Typically powered by gas or electric motors, handheld brush cutters are ideal for smaller-scale projects such as residential landscaping, clearing paths, or trimming around obstacles like trees or fences.
   • Pros: Lightweight, affordable, easy to use for smaller areas
     
   • Cons: Limited cutting capacity, not suitable for larger or denser vegetation
     
2. Walk-Behind Brush Cutters
   These machines are slightly larger than handheld models and are designed for more demanding tasks. Walk-behind brush cutters are often used for medium-sized projects, such as clearing large backyards, trails, or small fields. They feature a self-propelled design, making them easier to use over longer distances.
   • Pros: More powerful than handheld models, better suited for larger jobs
     
   • Cons: Heavier, more expensive, requires more storage space
     
3. Tractor-Mounted Brush Cutters
   These are the largest and most powerful brush cutters, designed to be mounted on tractors or other heavy equipment. Tractor-mounted models are ideal for large-scale land clearing projects, such as forestry, agricultural land management, and large estates. These models can easily cut through dense brush, small trees, and other challenging vegetation.
   • Pros: Extremely powerful, can handle large-scale, heavy-duty tasks
     
   • Cons: Expensive, requires a tractor or other heavy machinery for operation, larger footprint
     
4. Riding Brush Cutters
   These are similar to walk-behind models but are designed to be operated while sitting on the machine. Riding brush cutters are typically used for larger properties where the operator needs to cover more ground without walking. They offer a good balance between power and ease of use for medium to large-scale jobs.
   • Pros: Comfortable for long use, greater cutting capacity than walk-behind models
     
   • Cons: Larger, more expensive, requires more maintenance than smaller models
     

1. Landscaping and Garden Maintenance
   For homeowners and professional landscapers, brush cutters are essential tools for clearing dense weeds, vines, and brush from garden beds, paths, and around trees or structures. They allow for more precise cutting than a traditional lawn mower, making it easier to maintain well-kept landscapes.
   
2. Agriculture and Farm Management
   Farmers use brush cutters to clear fields, fence lines, and areas around crops. The ability to quickly clear overgrown vegetation allows for better crop management, access roads, and fire prevention. Brush cutters can also be used to manage cover crops and weeds that compete with crops for nutrients.
   
3. Forestry and Land Clearing
   In forestry, brush cutters are indispensable for clearing dense underbrush, preparing land for planting, or clearing fire breaks. They help in making forested areas more accessible for logging, research, or land development.
   
4. Utility and Infrastructure Maintenance
   Utility companies use brush cutters to maintain power lines, roadways, and pipelines. Keeping vegetation clear of infrastructure is essential for safety and accessibility, especially in remote or rugged areas where other methods of clearing are impractical.
   
5. Wildlife and Habitat Management
   Wildlife conservationists and park managers often use brush cutters to manage invasive species and maintain habitats for wildlife. These machines can be used to clear non-native plants and allow for the regrowth of native species, promoting biodiversity and maintaining healthy ecosystems.
   

1. Routine Cleaning
   After each use, clean the cutting head and any other parts that may have come into contact with dirt, debris, or vegetation. This prevents clogging, reduces wear and tear, and ensures that the cutting blades remain sharp.
   
2. Inspect and Sharpen Blades
   The cutting blades are one of the most critical parts of the brush cutter. Over time, they can become dull or damaged, reducing cutting efficiency. Regularly inspect the blades for signs of wear and sharpen them as needed. If the blades are bent or broken, replace them immediately to prevent further damage.
   
3. Check the Engine Oil and Fuel
   For gas-powered brush cutters, regular oil changes and fuel checks are essential. Make sure to use the recommended oil type and follow the manufacturer’s guidelines for oil change intervals. Additionally, use fresh fuel to avoid clogging the carburetor and ensure smooth engine operation.
   
4. Air Filter Maintenance
   The air filter prevents dust, dirt, and debris from entering the engine, ensuring optimal performance. Clean or replace the air filter regularly to prevent engine damage and improve air intake efficiency.
   
5. Inspect the Fuel System
   Over time, fuel lines, filters, and the carburetor can develop issues that affect the performance of the brush cutter. Regularly inspect the fuel system for leaks, cracks, or signs of clogging. Replace fuel filters as recommended to ensure the engine runs smoothly.
   
6. Lubricate Moving Parts
   Brush cutters, especially the moving components such as the drive shaft and wheel axles, should be regularly lubricated to reduce friction and prevent wear. Use high-quality grease and follow the manufacturer’s guidelines for lubrication intervals.
   

1. Engine Starting Problems
   Difficulty starting the engine can be caused by several issues, including stale fuel, clogged carburetors, or faulty spark plugs. Regular maintenance, including fuel system cleaning and spark plug replacement, can help avoid starting issues.
   
2. Overheating
   If a brush cutter is used for long periods without sufficient breaks, the engine can overheat. This can lead to performance issues or even engine failure. Make sure to follow proper usage guidelines and allow the machine to cool down between uses.
   
3. Clogged Cutting Head
   Dense vegetation, especially wet or sticky materials, can cause the cutting head to clog. Cleaning the head after each use and ensuring that it is free from debris can help prevent clogs.
   
4. Vibration and Noise
   Excessive vibration or noise can indicate loose parts, damaged blades, or worn bearings. Check the machine thoroughly for any loose components or worn parts and address the issues promptly to prevent further damage.