The Concord Core Drill Model C68 is a powerful and versatile piece of equipment used in various industries, including construction, mining, and geology. Core drills are essential tools for obtaining samples of rock, soil, and other materials from deep within the earth, providing valuable information for environmental studies, engineering projects, and resource exploration.
This article will explore the key features, maintenance, and troubleshooting aspects of the Concord C68 Core Drill, and provide insights into how to optimize its performance and address common issues.
Introduction to the Concord Core Drill C68
Concord drills are well-known for their robustness, precision, and reliability. The C68 model, in particular, stands out due to its powerful drilling capabilities and versatility in handling tough drilling conditions. The core drill is typically used for applications like geological sampling, site investigation, and mineral exploration, as well as in construction for geotechnical purposes.
Key features of the Concord C68 Core Drill include:

• Heavy-duty Performance: Designed to handle both hard and soft rock formations, the C68 can operate in a variety of tough conditions.
  
• Versatility: It can be used in a wide range of drilling environments, including underground, surface, and remote locations.
  
• Hydraulic Powered: The C68 is powered by hydraulic systems, which offer higher efficiency and better control over the drilling process.
  
• Adjustable Speeds: The drill offers variable speed settings, allowing operators to adjust the drilling speed according to the specific requirements of the task.
  

1. Core Drill Jamming or Sticking:
   • Cause: Core drills can become stuck or jammed if debris, soil, or rock obstructs the drill bit, or if the bit wears down prematurely.
     
   • Solution: Ensure the drill bit is in good condition and replace it if it shows signs of excessive wear. If the drill bit gets stuck, back it out slowly to clear any debris and inspect the bit for damage. Regularly clean the area around the bit to prevent material buildup.
     
2. Hydraulic System Failure:
   • Cause: Hydraulic failures can occur due to leaks, low fluid levels, or damaged hoses. Insufficient hydraulic pressure may also result in poor performance or reduced drilling power.
     
   • Solution: Check the hydraulic fluid levels and inspect for leaks in the system. If the hydraulic fluid is low, refill it with the recommended type of hydraulic oil. Additionally, check hoses and connections for damage, and replace any worn-out parts. Routine maintenance of the hydraulic system is critical for optimal performance.
     
3. Overheating:
   • Cause: Overheating in the C68 can be caused by excessive use in extreme conditions, a malfunctioning cooling system, or clogged air filters.
     
   • Solution: Allow the drill to cool down if it overheats. Check the cooling system for obstructions, and clean any air filters. Regularly inspect and maintain the cooling system to ensure it is functioning properly.
     
4. Power Loss or Inconsistent Drilling Speed:
   • Cause: Power loss or inconsistent drilling speeds can occur if the engine or hydraulic pump is malfunctioning, or if there is an issue with the transmission system.
     
   • Solution: Inspect the engine for any signs of damage, and ensure that the hydraulic pump is functioning correctly. Check the fuel system, fuel filters, and injectors for blockages or wear. If there are any issues with the transmission, have it inspected by a qualified technician.
     
5. Misalignment or Wobbling of the Drill:
   • Cause: If the drill bit is misaligned or the drill wobbles during operation, it could be due to worn bearings, a loose drill bit, or improper mounting.
     
   • Solution: Ensure that the drill bit is properly mounted and tightened. Inspect the bearings for wear and replace them if necessary. Also, check the drill rig's alignment and stability to ensure it is securely set up before starting the operation.
     

1. Regular Inspections:
   • Conduct routine inspections of all components, including the drill bit, hydraulic system, engine, and drill rig. Check for signs of wear or damage and replace parts as necessary.
     
2. Keep Hydraulic Fluid Clean:
   • Use only high-quality hydraulic fluid and replace it according to the manufacturer’s recommended schedule. Contaminated hydraulic fluid can lead to pump failure and decreased efficiency.
     
3. Clean and Lubricate Moving Parts:
   • Lubricate the moving parts of the drill, including the drill rod and bit, to reduce friction and prevent premature wear. Regularly clean the drill to remove debris, dirt, and buildup.
     
4. Monitor Pressure Settings:
   • Check the pressure settings for both the hydraulic system and the engine. Ensure that all pressure levels are within the recommended range to maintain proper functionality.
     
5. Replace Worn Components:
   • Regularly replace worn-out components such as drill bits, seals, bearings, and hoses to avoid more severe damage to the core drill system. Worn-out parts can impact performance and increase the likelihood of failure.
     

1. Wear Proper Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
   • Operators should wear protective gear such as helmets, gloves, safety glasses, ear protection, and steel-toed boots to minimize the risk of injury during operation.
     
2. Follow Operating Procedures:
   • Always follow the manufacturer’s recommended operating procedures and guidelines. Improper operation can lead to machine failure or accidents.
     
3. Inspect the Worksite:
   • Before starting work, ensure that the worksite is clear of hazards such as loose debris, unstable ground, or overhead obstructions. Properly secure the drill and ensure that it is stable before operation.
     
4. Monitor for Carbon Monoxide:
   • Since the C68 is typically powered by an internal combustion engine, make sure to monitor the work environment for carbon monoxide buildup. Use proper ventilation to avoid exposure.
     

The Cycle of Repair and Restraint
For many seasoned operators and mechanics, the urge to buy another rig is a familiar itch—one that flares up every time the current fleet shows its age. In this case, the owner had just pulled his pickup into the shop for a round of repairs: a starter drive replacement, defroster fix, trailer brake rewiring, oil change, electric fan installation, door hinge pin swap, and trailer plug replacement. These tasks, while routine, reflect the ongoing commitment required to keep older equipment functional.
Rather than rushing into a new purchase, the owner imposed a rule: no new truck until the existing ones were fixed. This self-imposed discipline is common among operators who’ve lived through the financial strain of equipment loans. The pickup was just the beginning—his F600 also needed a head gasket, a new seat, a trailer brake controller, and other repairs. The truck he had his eye on wasn’t perfect either; it needed work too.
The Hidden Cost of New Equipment
Buying a new rig may seem like a solution, but it often introduces a different kind of burden. Operators who’ve financed multiple trucks know that even short-term loans come with long-term consequences. One mechanic recalled borrowing for three rigs over his career. Though none took forever to pay off, each came with its own set of challenges—tight margins, unpredictable downtime, and the pressure to keep working just to make payments.
This reality leads many to prefer wrenching on old equipment rather than chasing new models. As one veteran put it, “I don’t work as hard fixing my old junk as I would trying to earn enough to pay for a new one.” That sentiment resonates across the industry, especially among independent operators who value autonomy over shiny upgrades.
Rust and Regional Realities
In some regions, rust becomes the deciding factor. Northern states and coastal areas see frames and brake lines deteriorate faster due to road salt and humidity. For these operators, a clean frame on an older truck is worth more than a newer model with hidden corrosion. One technician from New Hampshire noted he’d rather own a big cam Cummins engine in a rust-free chassis than deal with the complexities of a newer ISX engine surrounded by rust.
This preference isn’t just sentimental—it’s practical. Older engines are often easier to service, with fewer electronic controls and more accessible components. Parts may be cheaper, and repairs can be done in-house without specialized diagnostic tools.
The Psychology of Ownership
The desire for another truck isn’t always about need—it’s often about identity. Owning a rig represents capability, independence, and pride. But it also brings responsibility. Every new truck adds to the maintenance load, insurance costs, and mental bandwidth required to keep a fleet running.
Operators who’ve been in the business for decades learn to balance desire with discipline. They know that the thrill of a new purchase fades quickly, while the satisfaction of keeping old iron running lasts longer. One owner joked that retirement would put him in the dirt faster than turning wrenches—because the work itself keeps him alive.
Recommendations for Fleet Management
For those wrestling with the decision to buy or repair, consider the following:

• Evaluate total repair cost vs. purchase price
  
• Factor in downtime, parts availability, and labor
  
• Inspect frame integrity and rust before buying used
  
• Prioritize mechanical simplicity over electronic complexity
  
• Avoid impulse purchases—wait until current rigs are stabilized
  
• Keep a maintenance log to track repair trends and costs
  

Track tensioners are a critical component in the undercarriage of tracked equipment like the Caterpillar 311B. These devices help maintain the proper tension on the track, ensuring optimal performance and longevity of the system. However, when tensioner seals fail, it can lead to problems such as improper track tension, accelerated wear on the undercarriage, and ultimately costly repairs. While track tensioner seals are designed to last, there are various ways they can fail—sometimes, surprisingly quickly. This article will explore the causes of seal failures in the CAT 311B's track tensioner, how these seals can blow, and the measures to prevent or address this issue.
Understanding the Track Tensioner System
The track tensioner on the CAT 311B serves the purpose of maintaining the appropriate tension on the track. It ensures that the track remains tight enough to prevent it from slipping while still allowing for the flexibility needed to navigate rough terrain. The tensioner is hydraulic, typically powered by a cylinder filled with hydraulic fluid, which controls the tension through an internal spring or mechanism.
Here’s a breakdown of the key components:

• Track Tensioner Cylinder: This component houses the hydraulic fluid and controls the internal spring that adjusts the track tension.
  
• Seals: Seals are used to keep the hydraulic fluid within the cylinder while preventing contaminants like dirt and moisture from entering the system.
  
• Piston Rod: The piston rod is part of the tensioning mechanism that moves within the cylinder to adjust the tension on the track.
  

1. Over-Pressurization:
   • When the tensioner system is over-pressurized, it can cause the seals to blow out. This often happens when there is a malfunction in the hydraulic system, such as a valve failure or improper hydraulic fluid pressure.
     
   • Solution: Regularly check the hydraulic fluid pressure to ensure it remains within the manufacturer’s specifications. If pressure levels are too high, it may be necessary to replace a faulty pressure relief valve or recalibrate the hydraulic system.
     
2. Contamination of Hydraulic Fluid:
   • Contaminants such as dirt, water, and metal shavings can enter the hydraulic system and degrade the seals over time. When contaminants infiltrate the track tensioner, the seals can wear down quickly, leading to leakage and potential failure.
     
   • Solution: Keep the hydraulic fluid clean by using proper filtration and changing the fluid regularly. Also, inspect the seals and gaskets for signs of damage caused by contamination.
     
3. Excessive Wear and Tear:
   • Like any mechanical part, the track tensioner seals will eventually wear down. Over time, the seals can become brittle or cracked due to the constant pressure and movement. This wear accelerates if the equipment is frequently used in harsh conditions or is operated without proper maintenance.
     
   • Solution: Perform regular inspections of the track tensioner seals and replace them before they become too worn. Routine maintenance, such as cleaning and lubricating the seals, can extend their lifespan.
     
4. Improper Installation:
   • If the seals are improperly installed, they may not form a proper seal. This can lead to leakage, over-pressurization, or even total failure of the seal. This is particularly common if the equipment is serviced by inexperienced personnel or if the wrong type of seal is used.
     
   • Solution: Always follow the manufacturer's guidelines for seal installation and use the correct seals for the specific model. If you are unsure, consult a professional mechanic or technician for advice.
     
5. Temperature Extremes:
   • Track tensioner seals can also be affected by extreme temperature fluctuations. In very hot conditions, the seals can become soft and deform, while in cold temperatures, they can harden and crack. Both conditions can contribute to premature seal failure.
     
   • Solution: In extreme climates, use the appropriate hydraulic fluid for the temperature range and consider using seals rated for the specific environmental conditions.
     

1. Track Slippage: If the track begins to slip or loosen during operation, this could be an indication that the tensioner seal is no longer holding the necessary pressure.
   
2. Hydraulic Fluid Leaks: Visible oil leaks near the track tensioner or around the hydraulic cylinder are an obvious sign that there’s a seal issue.
   
3. Erratic Track Tension: If the track tension fluctuates unexpectedly, it could mean that the seal is leaking, and the hydraulic pressure isn’t being properly maintained.
   

1. Routine Inspection:
   • Inspect the track tensioner seals regularly for any signs of wear, cracking, or leakage. Check the hydraulic lines and connections for signs of contamination or damage.
     
2. Hydraulic Fluid Maintenance:
   • Change the hydraulic fluid at the intervals recommended by the manufacturer. Always use the correct type of fluid and ensure that the fluid is free from contaminants.
     
3. Pressure Checks:
   • Ensure that the hydraulic pressure is within the specified range. If you suspect an issue with the pressure relief valve, get it checked and replaced if necessary.
     
4. Proper Installation:
   • Always install the seals according to the manufacturer’s guidelines and ensure that the tensioner system is reassembled correctly after any maintenance.
     
5. Environmental Considerations:
   • In colder climates, consider using specialized seals designed to withstand freezing temperatures, and in hot environments, ensure that the hydraulic fluid used can handle high heat.
     

The Rise and Retreat of Terex Backhoes
The Terex 760B was introduced in the mid-2000s as part of Terex Corporation’s effort to compete in the global backhoe loader market. Terex, originally founded in 1933 and known for its cranes and off-highway trucks, acquired Fermec in 1998 to enter the compact equipment segment. The 760B was built in the UK and marketed as a mid-range backhoe loader with a Perkins diesel engine, four-wheel drive, and extendable dipper stick. While it offered competitive specs on paper, the machine struggled to gain traction in North America due to limited dealer support and parts availability. In 2017, Terex sold its backhoe division to Mecalac, effectively ending its presence in this segment.
Strengths of the 760B
Despite its market challenges, the Terex 760B has several redeeming qualities:

• Perkins 1000 Series engine: Known for reliability and ease of service, with parts shared across multiple brands
  
• Spacious cab: Offers good visibility and ergonomic controls for its class
  
• Hydraulic performance: Capable of smooth multi-function operation, with decent breakout force and lift capacity
  
• Affordability: Used units are often priced 20–30% lower than comparable Deere or Case models
  

• Electrical system faults: Intermittent shorts, dead batteries, and fuse failures are common. The wiring harness is prone to corrosion, and diagnostics can be time-consuming without a factory scan tool.
  
• Front axle failures: The left side wheel hub is particularly vulnerable to snapping under load, especially in 4WD mode on uneven terrain.
  
• Sheet metal complexity: Accessing components for service often requires removing multiple panels, which are prone to rust and bolt seizure.
  
• Parts scarcity: Even with a dealer nearby, many components are no longer stocked or supported. Lead times for hydraulic cylinders, control valves, and cab parts can exceed 8 weeks.
  

• Blown fuses
  
• Drained batteries
  
• Non-functioning lights or gauges
  

• Identify which fuse is blowing or which circuit is affected
  
• Use a multimeter to check for continuity to ground
  
• Disconnect components one at a time to narrow the fault
  
• Inspect harnesses near the battery tray, firewall, and under the cab for chafing or rodent damage
  

• Salvaging parts from donor machines
  
• Fabricating brackets and linkages in local machine shops
  
• Using universal hydraulic fittings and adapting cylinders from other brands
  

The Skyjack SJ45T is a versatile and widely used telescopic boom lift known for its reliability and high performance in a variety of construction and maintenance applications. When an SJ45T refuses to start, it can be a frustrating experience that disrupts work schedules and causes downtime. However, understanding the potential causes behind starting issues and knowing how to diagnose and resolve them can get the lift back to work efficiently.
This article will delve into common reasons why the Skyjack SJ45T may not start, the steps to diagnose the issue, and potential solutions for getting the equipment back in action.
Overview of the Skyjack SJ45T Telehandler
The Skyjack SJ45T is a self-propelled telescopic boom lift that provides an extended working height and a variety of reach capabilities. It is commonly used in construction, maintenance, and industrial settings where elevated work is required. Some key features of the Skyjack SJ45T include:

• Working Height: The SJ45T offers a maximum working height of around 51 feet (15.5 meters).
  
• Capacity: The lift can typically handle up to 1,000 pounds (454 kg) in its platform.
  
• Engine Type: The SJ45T is equipped with a diesel engine that allows it to operate in more rugged environments.
  
• Four-Wheel Drive: Designed for rough terrain, the four-wheel drive system helps improve mobility on construction sites.
  

1. Battery Issues:
   • One of the most frequent causes of starting problems is a dead or weak battery. The diesel engine in the SJ45T requires a reliable power source to engage the starter motor and fuel system.
     
   • Signs of a Battery Issue: If you turn the key and hear nothing or a faint clicking sound, it’s often a sign that the battery is either drained or has a poor connection.
     
   • Solution: Check the battery voltage using a multimeter. The typical battery voltage for the SJ45T should be around 12V. If the battery is below this threshold, charge it or replace it if necessary. Also, inspect battery terminals for corrosion or loose connections.
     
2. Fuel System Problems:
   • A lack of fuel or problems with the fuel system can prevent the Skyjack SJ45T from starting. This could be due to clogged fuel filters, air in the fuel lines, or issues with the fuel pump.
     
   • Signs of Fuel Issues: If the engine cranks but does not start or runs briefly and then shuts off, fuel delivery may be compromised.
     
   • Solution: Check the fuel gauge to ensure there’s adequate fuel in the tank. If the tank is full, inspect the fuel lines and filter for any blockages or leaks. Replace the fuel filter if it appears dirty or clogged. Additionally, check the fuel pump and ensure it's operating correctly.
     
3. Starter Motor Problems:
   • A malfunctioning starter motor can prevent the engine from turning over, even if the battery and fuel system are functioning correctly.
     
   • Signs of a Starter Motor Issue: If you turn the key and hear nothing but the engine does not crank, it could be a faulty starter motor or solenoid.
     
   • Solution: Inspect the starter motor and solenoid for any visible damage or signs of wear. If the starter motor appears to be faulty, it may need to be repaired or replaced. In some cases, tapping the starter gently with a tool can help "free" it temporarily, but replacement is often necessary for long-term reliability.
     
4. Ignition System Problems:
   • The ignition system in the SJ45T ensures that the fuel mixture is properly ignited by the engine. Issues such as a malfunctioning ignition switch, blown fuses, or faulty wiring can prevent the lift from starting.
     
   • Signs of Ignition Problems: If the engine does not crank and the battery appears to be fine, it could indicate a problem with the ignition system.
     
   • Solution: Check the ignition fuse and wiring for any damage or loose connections. Inspect the ignition switch for wear or malfunction. In some cases, replacing a faulty fuse or repairing damaged wiring will resolve the issue.
     
5. Glow Plug Malfunction:
   • Since the Skyjack SJ45T uses a diesel engine, glow plugs play a critical role in starting the engine, especially in colder weather.
     
   • Signs of Glow Plug Issues: If the engine cranks but fails to start, especially in cold weather, the glow plugs may not be providing adequate heat to ignite the diesel fuel.
     
   • Solution: Check the glow plugs for continuity using a multimeter. If one or more glow plugs are faulty, they should be replaced. In colder conditions, using a block heater or pre-heating the engine can help with starting.
     
6. Faulty Safety Switches or Sensors:
   • The Skyjack SJ45T is equipped with several safety switches and sensors designed to prevent the lift from starting if certain conditions are not met (e.g., if the platform is elevated or the parking brake is not engaged).
     
   • Signs of Safety Switch Issues: If the safety switches are malfunctioning, the engine may fail to start despite there being no obvious issues with the battery, fuel, or ignition.
     
   • Solution: Inspect all safety switches and sensors to ensure they are working correctly. Test the seat switch, parking brake switch, and platform position sensors. If any of these switches are faulty, they should be repaired or replaced.
     

1. Check the Battery:
   • Start by testing the battery voltage. If it’s low, charge it and check for any corrosion at the terminals. Clean and tighten connections as needed.
     
2. Inspect Fuel System:
   • Verify that there is sufficient fuel in the tank and check the fuel filter for blockages. Inspect the fuel lines for any leaks or damage. Replace the filter if necessary.
     
3. Test the Starter Motor:
   • If the engine is not cranking, inspect the starter motor and solenoid for signs of wear or malfunction. Check the wiring leading to the starter for continuity.
     
4. Examine the Ignition System:
   • Check fuses, wiring, and the ignition switch. A blown fuse or faulty switch could be preventing the engine from starting.
     
5. Inspect the Glow Plugs:
   • If starting is an issue in cold weather, test the glow plugs to ensure they are functioning properly.
     
6. Check Safety Sensors:
   • Inspect safety switches, especially those associated with the parking brake, seat, and platform position. These sensors are designed to prevent the engine from starting if certain conditions aren’t met.
     

1. Regular Battery Maintenance: Ensure that the battery is charged and free of corrosion. Clean the terminals periodically and replace the battery when necessary.
   
2. Fuel System Maintenance: Change the fuel filter regularly and keep an eye on the fuel lines to prevent contamination and blockages.
   
3. Routine Inspections: Inspect key components such as the starter motor, glow plugs, ignition system, and safety switches during routine maintenance checks to identify and address potential issues before they cause problems.
   
4. Store in a Warm Environment: In cold climates, consider storing the lift in a heated area or using a block heater to prevent cold-weather starting issues.
   

The Komatsu PC75UU-2E and Its Market Position
The Komatsu PC75UU-2E is a compact hydraulic excavator designed for tight urban environments and small-scale construction. Manufactured by Komatsu Ltd., a Japanese company founded in 1921 and now one of the world’s largest construction equipment producers, the PC75UU series was engineered with a zero-tail swing design, allowing it to work efficiently in confined spaces. The “UU” designation refers to its ultra-urban configuration, while the “2E” indicates a second-generation model with electronic enhancements. These machines were widely sold in Japan and later imported into North America, often through secondary markets. Their popularity stems from their compact footprint, smooth hydraulic response, and fuel-efficient diesel engines.
Initial Impressions and Visual Inspection
A 2004 model with approximately 4,300 hours on the meter presents as a mid-life machine. Key visual indicators such as square-tipped drive sprockets and intact metal tracks suggest that the undercarriage is in good condition. The absence of visible leaks and a clean exterior are positive signs, though not definitive proof of mechanical health. The seller, reportedly an operator who recently upgraded to a new machine, claims the unit is “tight and powerful.” While this may be true, such claims should always be verified independently.
White Smoke and Engine Health Concerns
The seller disclosed that the engine occasionally emits white smoke. This symptom can be benign or serious depending on context. Common causes include:

• Condensation: Harmless if only present during cold starts
  
• Injector issues: Poor spray pattern or leaking nozzles
  
• Head gasket failure: Coolant entering combustion chamber
  
• Valve timing problems: Late injection or poor compression
  

• Wear metals: Iron, copper, aluminum
  
• Contaminants: Fuel dilution, coolant, soot
  
• Viscosity and additive levels
  

• Hydraulic pump condition: Check for smooth operation and no cavitation noise
  
• Swing bearing play: Excessive movement may indicate wear
  
• Boom and arm pins: Look for slop or dry joints
  
• Electrical system: Ensure gauges and warning lights function properly
  

The David Brown 1290 tractor is a classic example of a compact yet powerful agricultural machine that played a crucial role in modern farming during the 1970s and 1980s. Known for its reliability, simplicity, and efficient performance, the 1290 model was a favorite among small to medium-sized farmers for tasks such as plowing, tilling, and hauling. When paired with a large, old plough, this tractor can tackle tough land preparation tasks, making it a valuable asset on any farm.
This article delves into the history of the David Brown 1290 tractor, its capabilities, and the considerations involved when using it with large ploughs. We will also explore the challenges and benefits of using an older plough, highlighting key features and maintenance tips.
Overview of the David Brown 1290 Tractor
David Brown Tractors, a British manufacturer, was known for producing high-quality, reliable machines that served the agricultural industry for decades. The David Brown 1290 was part of their 90 series, which gained popularity due to its durability and solid performance.
Key specifications of the David Brown 1290 include:

• Engine: 4-cylinder diesel engine, producing approximately 65 horsepower
  
• Transmission: 8-speed gearbox with a shuttle shift, offering versatility for various tasks
  
• Weight: Around 3,000 kg (6,600 lbs), making it a solid choice for moderate plowing and tilling work
  
• Hydraulic System: Dual-acting hydraulic system that offers efficient control of implements such as ploughs, harrows, and mowers
  

1. Plough Type:
   • A "big old plough" typically refers to a two- or three-furrow plough, often drawn by older tractors such as the David Brown 1290. These ploughs were designed for deep, thorough tilling and were common in the 1960s and 1970s. The furrows refer to the channels created by the plough’s blades as they cut into the soil.
     
   • Ploughs of this era were usually made of steel and designed to be sturdy and capable of handling tough soil conditions. However, modern ploughs often feature improved materials and hydraulics for easier handling.
     
2. Challenges of Using an Older Plough:
   • Weight: Older ploughs tend to be heavier than modern equivalents, and this can place additional strain on the tractor, especially if it lacks the advanced hydraulics or power systems found in newer models.
     
   • Wear and Tear: Over time, the blades and shares (the parts of the plough that cut into the soil) can wear down, making them less effective. Sharp, well-maintained blades are essential for efficient plowing, and older ploughs may require more frequent maintenance to keep them in good working condition.
     
   • Adjustability: Older ploughs may not have the same level of adjustability as modern ploughs, which could limit the flexibility in working across different soil types and conditions. Adjusting the depth of plowing or the width of the furrows may require more effort with older models.
     
3. Plowing Technique:
   • Using a large plough with a smaller tractor like the David Brown 1290 requires a balance between the engine's power and the plough's demands. The tractor needs to be operated at a steady pace to avoid overloading the engine while maintaining a consistent depth for each furrow.
     
   • Plowing Depth: Depending on soil conditions and the crop being prepared for, plowing depth can vary. The ideal depth is typically between 6 and 8 inches for standard fieldwork. However, deeper plowing may be necessary for breaking new or compacted soil.
     
   • Speed: Plowing too fast can lead to poor soil turnover and cause the tractor to struggle, especially if the plough is too large for the tractor’s capabilities. Conversely, going too slowly might result in unnecessary fuel consumption.
     
4. Adjusting for Soil Conditions:
   • Soil conditions play a critical role in plowing efficiency. Hard or stony soils may require more power from the tractor, and an older plough might struggle to cut through compacted layers. In such cases, reducing the depth of each pass and making multiple shallow passes may be more effective than trying to break through the soil in one go.
     

1. Durability and Reliability:
   • The David Brown 1290 is known for its strong engine and long-lasting construction. If properly maintained, the tractor can continue to perform well even when working with large implements like a plough. The simplicity of the 1290's design means there is less that can go wrong, making it easier to repair and maintain compared to more modern, complex machines.
     
2. Cost-Effectiveness:
   • Using a David Brown 1290 paired with a large, old plough can be a cost-effective solution for farmers who may not have the budget to invest in newer, more expensive equipment. These older machines, when properly maintained, can still deliver solid performance for typical plowing tasks.
     
3. Fuel Efficiency:
   • Older tractors like the David Brown 1290 tend to be more fuel-efficient compared to newer, larger tractors. This can be especially beneficial in the long run, as it reduces operational costs when plowing large fields or performing repetitive tasks.
     
4. Nostalgia and Tradition:
   • For many farmers, using older equipment like the David Brown 1290 is a nod to tradition and nostalgia. It connects them to a time when farming was simpler and more straightforward, and many enjoy the experience of working with machines that are no longer in mass production.
     

1. Tractor Maintenance:
   • Oil Changes: Regular oil changes are essential to keep the engine running smoothly. Follow the manufacturer's guidelines for oil change intervals and always use high-quality diesel engine oil.
     
   • Hydraulic System: Check the hydraulic fluid levels and ensure there are no leaks in the system. The hydraulic system is crucial for controlling the plough, so regular checks can prevent costly repairs down the line.
     
   • Tire Pressure: Ensure the tractor tires are properly inflated for maximum traction and to avoid unnecessary wear on both the tractor and the plough.
     
2. Plough Maintenance:
   • Sharpen Blades: The plough blades should be regularly sharpened to ensure efficient cutting and reduce the amount of strain on the tractor. Dull blades can increase fuel consumption and reduce plowing efficiency.
     
   • Check Shares: Inspect the shares for signs of wear and replace them as needed. Worn shares will struggle to cut through tough soil, leading to uneven plowing.
     
   • Clean After Use: After each plowing session, clean the plough to remove soil buildup, rust, and debris. This will help prevent long-term damage to the plough and maintain its efficiency.
     

The Cat 931 Series and Its Steering System
The Caterpillar 931 series track loader was introduced in the 1970s as a compact, versatile machine for excavation, grading, and material handling. The 931B variant, produced in the early 1980s, featured a 3204 four-cylinder diesel engine, a hydrostatic transmission, and a mechanical steering clutch and brake system. Caterpillar, founded in 1925, had by then become the global benchmark for tracked earthmoving equipment. The 931B was widely adopted by contractors and municipalities for its balance of power and maneuverability, with thousands sold across North America and Europe.
The steering system on the 931B uses a combination of dry steering clutches and band-type brakes. Each side of the machine has a foot pedal that first disengages the clutch and then applies the brake, allowing the machine to pivot or counter-rotate. This system is purely mechanical and relies on precise linkage adjustment and clean, functional clutch packs.
Symptoms of Right Turn Failure
In one case, a 1978 Cat 931B with low hours exhibited a complete inability to turn right. The machine drove straight, pulled loads evenly, and showed no signs of power loss. However, pressing the right steering pedal had no effect—no clutch disengagement, no braking, and no directional change. The left side functioned normally, allowing left turns and gradual curves.
This behavior suggests that the right steering clutch is not disengaging, preventing the brake from taking effect. The brake band may still be functional, but without clutch release, the track continues to drive forward under power.
Initial Checks and Linkage Inspection
The first step in diagnosing this issue is to inspect the mechanical linkage between the pedal and the clutch control shaft. On the 931B, this involves removing the floorboards and observing the movement of the control shaft as the pedal is pressed. If the shaft does not rotate or moves only partially, the problem may lie in the linkage, pivot bushings, or pedal adjustment.
In this case, the linkage appeared intact and moved freely. The control valve cam and roller also showed no signs of wear or binding. This ruled out external mechanical faults and pointed toward an internal clutch issue.
Brake Adjustment Procedure
Before disassembling the clutch, technicians recommend adjusting the brake band to eliminate free play and confirm brake function. The procedure is as follows:

• Locate the vertical hex adjuster rod on the right side
  
• Tighten the adjuster until firm resistance is felt
  
• Under the rear case, tighten the support bolts until snug
  
• Back off the support bolts one full turn and lock them
  
• Loosen the brake adjuster rod by 1½ turns (9 flats)
  
• Check pedal height and free play
  

• Draining the final drive oil
  
• Removing the steering clutch housing cover
  
• Extracting the clutch pack and inspecting for rust, wear, or broken springs
  
• Cleaning and re-plating the steel discs if salvageable
  
• Replacing the pack if beyond repair
  

The Caterpillar 426 is a powerful and reliable backhoe loader used in a wide range of construction, excavation, and utility tasks. Maintaining the engine of such a machine is crucial for its longevity and performance. One of the key factors in engine maintenance is using the correct motor oil. Using the right oil type and weight can ensure optimal engine performance, improve fuel efficiency, and extend the life of the engine.
This article will explore the best motor oil options for the Caterpillar 426, including the recommended oil weight, suitable brands, and tips for oil selection to help keep your equipment running smoothly.
Overview of the CAT 426 Backhoe Loader
The Caterpillar 426 is a versatile backhoe loader that has been a mainstay in construction and earthmoving applications for decades. Known for its power, maneuverability, and durability, the 426 is used for digging, lifting, and hauling heavy loads. It is powered by a robust diesel engine that requires regular maintenance, particularly oil changes, to ensure smooth operation.
Some key specifications of the CAT 426 include:

• Engine Power: Around 85 to 90 horsepower (depending on the model year)
  
• Operating Weight: Approximately 13,000 to 14,000 pounds
  
• Hydraulic System: Equipped with advanced hydraulics to handle tough digging and lifting tasks
  
• Transmission: Fully automatic or manual transmission depending on the configuration
  

1. Lubrication: Reduces friction between the moving parts of the engine, preventing overheating and excessive wear.
   
2. Cooling: Helps dissipate heat from the engine, preventing the engine from running too hot.
   
3. Cleaning: Oil helps carry away dirt, carbon, and debris that accumulate in the engine, ensuring smoother operation.
   
4. Sealing: Forms a barrier that helps seal gaps between engine components, improving combustion efficiency and reducing the risk of leaks.
   

• SAE 15W-40: This is the most common weight recommended for diesel engines in machinery like the CAT 426. The “15W” indicates that the oil is suitable for cold weather conditions (with a minimum temperature range of -15°F or -26°C), while the “40” indicates that the oil can withstand high operating temperatures.
  
• SAE 10W-30: This may be recommended in colder climates or for short trips, where a lower viscosity oil provides better cold-start protection. However, it is generally less common than the 15W-40.
  

• Caterpillar DEO (Diesel Engine Oil): Caterpillar’s own brand of oil is designed specifically for its equipment and is often the first choice for ensuring compatibility and performance. Caterpillar DEO meets the stringent API (American Petroleum Institute) standards and is formulated to work in high-load, high-temperature applications like those found in backhoe loaders.
  
• Mobil Delvac 1300 Super: A highly regarded oil for diesel engines, Mobil Delvac is known for its durability, high oxidation resistance, and ability to protect engine parts under extreme conditions.
  
• Shell Rotella T4: Another popular oil choice for heavy machinery, Shell Rotella is known for its engine protection and ability to withstand high stress and high temperatures. It’s formulated for extended drain intervals and can help keep engines cleaner for longer.
  
• Chevron Delo 400: Known for its superior wear protection and extended oil change intervals, Chevron Delo 400 is another trusted choice for diesel-powered machinery like the CAT 426.
  

1. Operating Environment: The climate and environmental conditions where the machine operates will influence oil selection. For extremely cold climates, lighter oils such as 10W-30 may be necessary to ensure proper circulation at low temperatures. For warmer climates, oils with a higher viscosity such as 15W-40 are more appropriate.
   
2. Engine Type: Diesel engines in construction equipment, like the one in the CAT 426, generate high levels of stress and heat. High-quality oils are necessary to handle these stresses, and synthetic oils can provide additional protection and longer oil change intervals.
   
3. Oil Change Intervals: Depending on the oil type and brand, oil change intervals can vary. Full synthetic oils generally allow for longer intervals between changes, which can be beneficial for reducing downtime and maintenance costs.
   

1. Follow Manufacturer Recommendations: Always consult the operator’s manual for the correct oil change intervals and specifications. Caterpillar typically recommends changing the oil every 250 to 500 hours of operation, but this may vary depending on usage and conditions.
   
2. Check Oil Levels Regularly: Even between oil changes, it's important to check the oil levels and ensure they are within the recommended range. Low oil levels can cause engine damage and poor performance.
   
3. Use High-Quality Filters: Always use a high-quality oil filter designed for the CAT 426. The filter helps trap dirt and debris in the oil, preventing them from circulating through the engine and causing damage.
   
4. Proper Disposal: Dispose of used motor oil responsibly. Many service centers and repair shops offer oil recycling services, which help reduce the environmental impact.
   

Why Radiator Cap Selection Is So Complicated
Radiator caps are deceptively simple components that play a critical role in engine cooling systems. They regulate pressure, prevent coolant loss, and allow overflow recovery. Yet for mechanics working on mixed fleets—ranging from vintage pickups to Japanese generators and heavy-duty trucks—finding the correct cap can be a frustrating exercise. Most catalogs demand year, make, model, and VIN, which is useless for off-brand or industrial equipment. The real need is a catalog organized by pressure rating, neck type, diameter, and sealing features.
Understanding Radiator Cap Terminology
To navigate cap selection, it helps to understand the key parameters:

• Pressure rating (PSI or kPa): Determines the boiling point of coolant. Common ratings include 13 psi (90 kPa) for light-duty and 16 psi (110 kPa) for heavy-duty.
  
• Neck type: Includes small Japanese-style (32 mm), standard automotive (45 mm), and large truck-style (52 mm).
  
• Sealing configuration: Some caps seal only at the top, others have dual seals for overflow recovery systems.
  
• Threaded vs bayonet: Newer machines may use plastic screw-on caps, while older systems rely on twist-lock bayonet styles.
  

• Measure the neck diameter and depth with calipers
  
• Check the pressure rating stamped on the old cap (if legible)
  
• Inspect for overflow hose compatibility—some caps have a vent tube, others don’t
  
• Use visual catalogs from suppliers like Tridon, Stant, or NAPA that include sketches and dimensions
  
• Keep a reference box of common caps labeled by size and pressure for field comparison
  

• Organize caps by pressure, neck type, and seal configuration
  
• Include dimensional drawings and photos
  
• Offer cross-reference tables for industrial and off-road equipment
  
• Provide downloadable PDFs for offline use
  
• Allow filtering by physical specs, not just vehicle identity