User Experiences and Challenges

• A user reported installing chains on the rear tires of their 580K and immediately noticed a significant improvement in traction.
  
• An important tip: when ordering chains, provide your new tire dimensions, not the worn ones. Worn treads may lead to slack in the chain once fitted.
  
• To install, lay the chain on the ground with the cross-bars facing up, lift the stabilizers to raise the rear tire slightly off the ground (machine in neutral), then pull the chain over the tire. Check for overlapping cross-links; if the chain is too long, mark where it finishes, cut off a few links, and re-hook.
  
• Make sure the chain is tight on the tire to prevent rubbing on the fender and excess “slap” or noise.
  
• Some owners recommend saving the extra links you remove—they can be used later when you replace the tires.
  
• A clearance issue was noted: one 580K owner said that when their wheels weren’t reversed, there wasn’t enough space between tire and frame to install chains. Reversing the wheels solved this, though it made the valve stems harder to reach.
  

1. Tire Size Matters
   • Chains must match your specific tire size; the Bobcat tire guide stresses that chain sizing should reflect the actual tire dimensions on your machine.
     
   • The tire’s tread design and wear also play roles: heavily worn lugs may require removal of links for a snug fit.
     
2. Chain Style & Link Spacing
   • Bobcat offers heavy-duty chains with different link spacings.
     
   • Tensioners (rubber or steel) are highly recommended to maintain tightness and prevent slapping or misalignment.
     
3. Durability & Application
   • Chains designed for skid steers must endure constant twisting and pivoting.
     
   • Consider the work environment: snow chains are great for icy or wintry conditions, but there are also mud‑traction chains if you’re working on soft ground.
     

• Bobcat V‑Bar Heavy Duty 4‑Link: V‑Bar design gives excellent grip on snow and ice; “4-link” means more cross bars for traction.
  
• Bobcat Square‑Link Ladder 4‑Link: Ladder-style chain is very durable and stable — a solid workhorse.
  
• Bobcat Twist‑Link 2‑Link: Twist-link gives a smoother ride, especially useful if you're driving frequently.
  
• Bobcat V‑Bar Heavy Duty 2‑Link: Combines V‑Bar traction with lighter chain load.
  
• Quality Chain Round Twist 2‑Link: Designed for longevity and comfort; made of hardened steel.
  
• Pewag 4‑Link 8.2 mm: Heavy-duty, high-strength chain from a trusted brand.
  
• Quality Chain Square Ladder 2‑Link Alloy: Alloy links make this chain lighter but still durable.
  
• All States Skid‑Steer 4‑Link Ladder: Budget-friendly option that doesn’t compromise too much on quality.
  

• Once chains are fitted, double-check tightness and alignment. If your chains are too loose, they can damage tires or the machine.
  
• Use tensioners (bungee or steel) to maintain proper chain tension, especially after the first few uses.
  
• Regularly inspect the chains for wear, broken links, or stretched sections — replace or adjust as needed.
  
• Store chains properly when not in use to prevent rust and deformities.
  

Grove RT-60S Crane Overview
The Grove RT-60S is a rough terrain hydraulic crane designed for heavy lifting in construction, industrial, and utility applications. Manufactured by Grove, a brand under Manitowoc Company, the RT-60S features a four-wheel drive chassis, telescoping boom, and hydraulic outriggers for stability during lifts. Grove has been producing mobile cranes since the 1940s, and the RT series is known for its durability and off-road capability. The RT-60S, with a lifting capacity of approximately 60 tons, is commonly deployed in remote or uneven terrain where conventional truck cranes cannot operate.
Outrigger System and Common Failure Points
Outriggers are hydraulic stabilizers that extend and lower to provide a wide base of support during crane operation. Each outrigger leg is controlled by a solenoid valve that directs hydraulic fluid to extend or retract the cylinder. When one outrigger fails to deploy, the issue is typically electrical or hydraulic in nature.
In the case of the RT-60S, a rear outrigger that refuses to go down—while still moving laterally—suggests that the extend function is not receiving hydraulic pressure. This is often due to:

• Faulty solenoid coil: The coil may lose continuity due to internal wire breakage or corrosion.
  
• Broken spade terminal: The electrical connection at the solenoid may be physically damaged or disconnected.
  
• Failed relay or fuse: The control circuit may be interrupted upstream.
  
• Wiring harness corrosion: Especially common in older units exposed to moisture or road salt.
  
• Valve spool obstruction: Debris or wear may prevent the spool from shifting to the extend position.
  

• Turn the key to the “on” position with the engine off.
  
• Have a second person activate the outrigger control while using a voltmeter or test light at the solenoid terminals.
  
• If no voltage is present, trace the wire back to the relay or cab switch.
  
• If voltage is present but the solenoid does not actuate, remove the coil and inspect for continuity.
  
• If the coil is damaged, replace it with a compatible unit—often manufactured by Parker, not proprietary to Grove.
  

• Always carry spare solenoid coils and spade terminals on long jobs.
  
• Use dielectric grease on all electrical connections to prevent corrosion.
  
• Label wires during disassembly to avoid confusion during reinstallation.
  
• If bolts shear off during coil removal, weld nuts onto the remnants and back them out slowly after cooling.
  
• Check for manual override plungers on the solenoid body—these can be used to extend the outrigger in emergencies.
  

• Uneven hydraulic pressure from the steering pump
  
• Internal leakage in the steering cylinder
  
• Contamination in the steering valve spool
  

Machine Overview
The Mahindra 4110 Compact Utility Tractor is part of Mahindra’s 10 Series utility tractors, produced primarily between 2002 and 2009. It’s a 4WD tractor powered by a Daedong 4A200 4‑cylinder diesel engine putting out about 41 hp (30.5 kW).  It uses a 12 forward / 12 reverse synchro‑shuttle transmission with a dry-disc clutch.  The hydraulics are open‑center, with a lift capacity around 1,300 kg at the 3-point hitch.

Reported Problem
Some owners experience a frustrating issue: despite selecting forward or reverse on the shuttle lever, the tractor refuses to move. This isn’t a simple lack of clutch engagement — the direction isn't shifting correctly, or the transmission seems unresponsive.

Possible Causes and Diagnoses

1. Shuttle Lever / Linkage Misalignment
   • The shuttle‑shift lever may not be correctly aligned or properly indexed to the transmission’s internal shift forks.
     
   • A misadjusted or worn linkage can prevent the transmission from picking the correct gear range.
     
2. Synchro‑Shuttle Transmission Wear
   • The synchro-shuttle transmission relies on synchronizer rings to change direction. If these are worn or damaged, shifting forward/reverse may not engage properly.
     
   • Clutch issues: though the clutch is a dry disc type, wear or improper adjustment may prevent full disengagement, making shift difficult or impossible.
     
3. Hydraulic or PTO Interferences
   • If the PTO is engaged, or if there’s a hydraulic lock via an attachment, the transmission may resist shifting direction.
     
   • Internal pressure from attachments could interfere with the clutch or shift engagement logic.
     
4. Operator Error or Misuse
   • The shuttle lever may need to pass through a neutral “window” or be in a specific position when changing direction.
     
   • Some users misunderstand how the shuttle works, especially if used to hydrostatic or gear-only transmissions.
     

• Confirm that the clutch is being fully depressed or disengaged when shifting.
  
• Lift or jack the tractor slightly (safely) and observe whether the transmission output shaft (or driven component) rotates when the lever is shifted.
  
• Remove the center console or covers to inspect the shuttle‑shift linkage for wear, play, or misadjustment.
  
• Check for synchronizer ring wear by inspecting the transmission internals if accessible — worn rings often cause failed gear engagement.
  
• Verify PTO and hydraulic system status: disengage PTO, lower any front loader or implement, and test shifting again.
  

• Adjust or Rebuild Linkage: Correct linkage geometry and replace any worn or bent components.
  
• Replace Synchro Rings: If the rings inside the transmission are worn, replacing them may restore proper shifting.
  
• Clutch Service: Inspect and, if needed, replace the dry‑disc clutch system to ensure full disengagement.
  
• Operator Training: Make sure operators understand the correct procedure for using the shuttle lever, especially in neutral range.
  

• Periodically inspect the shuttle linkage for wear or play, especially if the tractor is frequently doing forward-reverse work (e.g., loader work).
  
• During regular maintenance, check clutch pedal travel and free play; adjust as needed.
  
• Train operators on correct shifting technique, emphasizing the importance of neutral and smooth direction changes.
  

Clark Equipment Company and the Evolution of Wheel Loaders
Founded in 1916, Clark Equipment Company was a pioneer in the development of industrial and construction machinery. By the 1970s and 1980s, Clark had established a strong presence in the wheel loader market, competing with brands like Caterpillar, Michigan, and John Deere. The Clark 55C was part of the “C” series lineup, which included models like the 35C, 45C, and 275C. These machines were known for their robust frames, mechanical simplicity, and high breakout force, making them popular in quarries, logging yards, and municipal fleets.
The 55C was designed as a mid-size loader, offering a balance between lifting capacity and maneuverability. It featured a torque converter transmission, hydraulic steering, and a spacious operator cab with analog gauges and mechanical levers. Production of the “C” series generally spanned from 1979 to 1986, though exact build dates can be difficult to confirm due to inconsistent serial number formatting.
Serial Number Challenges and Identification Tips
The serial number format used by Clark during this period often included a mix of letters and numbers, such as “481B285CB.” Decoding these numbers is not straightforward, as Clark did not publish a consistent serial number guide across all models. Based on historical data and comparisons with similar machines, a loader with a serial number in this format likely falls between 1983 and 1986.
To narrow down the build year:

• Compare the serial number against known production ranges for other “C” series models
  
• Contact vintage equipment specialists or Clark legacy dealers who may have archived records
  
• Inspect the engine plate and transmission tag for secondary date codes
  
• Look for stamped dates on hydraulic cylinders or frame weldments
  

• Engine: Typically powered by a Cummins or Detroit Diesel inline-six
  
• Horsepower: Approximately 150–180 hp depending on configuration
  
• Operating Weight: Around 28,000–32,000 lbs
  
• Bucket Capacity: 3.0–3.5 cubic yards
  
• Transmission: Powershift with 4 forward and 3 reverse speeds
  
• Hydraulics: Open-center system with gear-type pump
  

• Hydraulic leaks from aged seals and hoses
  
• Transmission hesitation due to worn clutch packs
  
• Electrical faults in analog gauge clusters
  
• Brake system wear, especially in wet disc setups
  

• Replace hydraulic lines with modern braided hose rated for high pressure
  
• Use aftermarket transmission rebuild kits compatible with Clark drivetrains
  
• Retrofit LED gauges or install external sensors for temperature and pressure monitoring
  
• Upgrade brake fluid to DOT 4 for better heat resistance
  

Context and Machine Overview
The JCB 436 is a large wheeled loader, built by JCB—a major UK-based heavy equipment manufacturer. This model typically weighs around 15 tonnes, powered by a 5.9‑litre 6‑cylinder Cummins diesel engine producing about 129 kW (~173 hp), depending on variant.  The loader uses a load-sensing hydraulic system and a powershift transmission, giving reliable performance in demanding site conditions.
A recurring issue on a 2009 JCB 436 is that the “Emergency Steering” dash light comes on, often intermittently, triggering concern among operators.
What Does “Emergency Steering” Mean?

• Emergency Steering (or standby steering) is a backup system built into the loader’s hydraulics.
  
• In normal operation, the loader’s steering is handled by a dedicated hydraulic circuit. If that circuit fails—due to a hydraulic leak, pump loss, or control valve issue—emergency steering allows the machine to be steered using the primary hydraulic system.
  
• The warning light is intended to alert the operator when the machine detects that the primary steering circuit has lost pressure or functionality and that it has switched (or is switching) to this backup mode.
  

1. Loss of Hydraulic Pressure in the Steering Circuit
   • Internal leaks in the steering valve or steering pump can reduce or blow off pressure, triggering the emergency mode.
     
   • Worn seals or damaged hydraulic components may allow fluid to bypass, draining pressure needed for standard steering.
     
2. Faulty or Failing Steering Pump
   • A worn steering pump may not build enough pressure, especially under load or at idle, leading to the system detecting a failure.
     
   • If the pump cavitates (sucks in air) or its internal regulating mechanism fails, the machine might misinterpret it as a loss of steering circuit.
     
3. Electrical or Sensor Faults
   • A bad pressure sensor on the steering circuit may send a false signal, telling the control electronics there’s a pressure loss when there isn’t.
     
   • Wiring to that sensor or associated relays may be corroded or loose, leading to intermittent signal loss.
     
4. Hydraulic Fluid Level / Contamination
   • If the fluid level in the hydraulic system is low or the fluid is contaminated, the steering circuit may not be maintained properly, reducing pressure under certain conditions.
     
   • Foamy or aerated fluid—caused by mixing fluids or intake issues—can disrupt pressure sensing.
     

• Check Hydraulic Fluid: Inspect and verify the fluid level in the steering circuit reservoir. If the fluid is low or contaminated, address it immediately.
  
• Inspect Steering Pump: Measure the output pressure from the steering pump with a hydraulic gauge during operation to check for expected range.
  
• Sensor & Electrical Check: Test or replace the steering pressure sensor. Also inspect wiring harnesses, connectors, and ground points for corrosion or damage.
  
• Valve & Seal Inspection: Examine the steering control valve for internal leaks, wear, or damaged seals. Internal bypassing could trigger the warning.
  
• Bleed the System: Air in the circuit can compromise pressure. Properly bleeding the steering circuit may resolve false “emergency” activation.
  

• Replacing a failing steering pump or overhaul if internal wear is confirmed.
  
• Swapping out the pressure sensor or associated wiring if they are faulty.
  
• Replacing or rebuilding the steering control valve if leaks or faulty spools are identified.
  
• Regular hydraulic maintenance — changing fluid, cleaning filters, and verifying line integrity to prevent recurrence.
  

• Conduct regular hydraulic inspection and maintenance, especially on older machines.
  
• Maintain clean and proper-level hydraulic fluid to avoid pressure drops or false sensor readings.
  
• Check critical sensors periodically for accuracy and connection integrity.
  
• Train operators to recognize when the emergency steering light comes on, so they can take safe action on site.
  

The Bobcat T320 and Its Control System
The Bobcat T320 compact track loader was introduced in the mid-2000s as one of the most powerful machines in Bobcat’s lineup at the time. With a rated operating capacity of 3,200 pounds and a turbocharged 81-horsepower diesel engine, it was designed for heavy-duty grading, land clearing, and material handling. Bobcat, founded in 1947, built its reputation on compact equipment, and the T320 was a flagship model in the CTL (compact track loader) segment until it was replaced by the T870.
The T320 features an electronically controlled engine shutdown system, which includes a fuel shutoff solenoid, seat bar sensor, and interlock control module. These components work together to ensure the machine only runs when all safety conditions are met.
Symptoms of Immediate Shutdown
A common issue reported by operators is that the T320 starts normally but shuts down within 2–5 seconds, often without displaying any diagnostic codes. This behavior typically points to one of the following:

• Fuel solenoid not staying energized
  
• Seat bar or seat switch not registering operator presence
  
• Interlock control module failing to maintain run signal
  
• Wiring harness damage or corrosion at connectors
  

• Turn the key to the run position and listen for a click at the solenoid
  
• Start the engine and observe whether the solenoid retracts and stays engaged
  
• If it retracts briefly and then releases, check the relay and wiring
  
• Bypass the relay temporarily to confirm solenoid function
  

• Inspect the seat bar switch for continuity when lowered
  
• Check the seat switch under the cushion for proper operation
  
• Clean connectors and apply dielectric grease to prevent corrosion
  
• Use a multimeter to verify voltage at the interlock module during startup
  

• Check for blown fuses or loose grounds near the control module
  
• Inspect the wiring harness near the engine bay for rodent damage or abrasion
  
• Ensure the battery voltage is stable—low voltage can cause erratic module behavior
  
• If equipped with a keyless panel, verify that the security system is not locking out the start sequence
  

Introduction to Small Draglines
Small draglines are compact versions of the large dragline excavators commonly used in mining and heavy construction. Unlike their larger counterparts, these machines offer mobility, lower operational costs, and suitability for tighter work sites. They generally range from 5 to 15 tons operating weight and feature a simplified cable-operated boom with a bucket for digging and material handling.
History and Development
Dragline excavators date back to the early 20th century, with manufacturers like Bucyrus-Erie, Marion, and P&H leading innovation. Small draglines emerged in the mid-20th century as contractors and municipalities sought machines capable of working in confined areas while maintaining efficient digging capabilities. These machines were particularly popular in road construction, canal work, and smaller-scale mining operations. Some models even became collector’s items due to their historical significance and mechanical simplicity.
Design and Key Features

• Boom and Bucket System: A lattice boom with wire ropes and a hoist cable controls the bucket, allowing for precise digging and lifting.
  
• Operating Weight: Typically 5–15 tons, allowing easier transport between sites on trailers.
  
• Powertrain: Many small draglines use diesel engines ranging from 40 to 100 horsepower, often coupled with a hydraulic or mechanical swing system.
  
• Mobility: Some models feature tracks for soft terrain, while others use wheels for improved site access.
  
• Controls: Manual levers and pedals are common, with basic automation limited to newer or refurbished models.
  

• Cable Wear: Hoist and drag cables are subject to fraying and stretching; regular inspection and replacement are critical.
  
• Hydraulic Leaks: Older models may have worn seals, causing oil loss and reduced lifting performance.
  
• Boom Structure: Fatigue and rust can compromise the lattice boom; structural inspections are essential, especially for units operating in harsh environments.
  
• Engine Performance: Diesel engines may require valve adjustments, injector cleaning, or fuel system overhauls for consistent operation.
  

• Site Flexibility: Small draglines can operate in areas where larger machines cannot fit.
  
• Lower Fuel Consumption: Smaller engines consume significantly less fuel than large mining draglines.
  
• Ease of Transport: Compact size allows easier relocation without heavy-duty transport equipment.
  
• Training Simplicity: Operators can be trained quickly due to straightforward cable and pedal controls.
  

• Inspect the boom, cables, and pivot points for wear and fatigue.
  
• Confirm the engine runs reliably and the hydraulic system holds pressure.
  
• Consider models with easily available spare parts; older or obscure brands may require custom fabrication.
  
• Evaluate site requirements to ensure the dragline’s reach and bucket capacity meet operational needs.
  

Freighting Sleighs and the Art of Winter Wood Hauling
In the remote northern reaches of Manitoba, where temperatures routinely plunge below -30°C, the practice of hauling firewood with sleighs remains both a necessity and a cultural tradition. Using custom-built freighting sleighs pulled by vintage crawler tractors, locals navigate frozen trails to collect blowdown timber for heating workshops and homes. These sleighs, often constructed from steel and hardwood, are designed to glide over snow-packed terrain with minimal resistance, even when loaded with several tons of wood.
The sleighs are typically paired with tracked machines like the International TD-18 or Caterpillar D6, which offer the traction and torque needed to traverse icy roads and deep snow. Unlike modern wheeled vehicles, these crawlers are equipped with winterized gear oil and lighter grease formulations to prevent freezing in extreme cold. Operators often run these machines exclusively in winter, storing them during the summer months to preserve their mechanical integrity.
The Journey to the Woodlot and Back
The process begins with a scouting trip along old cat train roads—historic trails originally carved out by tracked convoys hauling freight to remote communities. These routes, now repurposed for logging, lead to areas rich in blowdown timber, which refers to trees felled by windstorms. Blowdown wood is prized for its dryness and ease of splitting, making it ideal for woodstove fuel.
A typical crew includes a tractor operator, a chainsaw handler, and often a companion for safety and assistance. Once the sleighs are loaded, the convoy returns to the shop, where the wood is stacked and burned in high-efficiency stoves. These stoves can heat a small workshop to comfortable levels even in subarctic conditions, allowing mechanics to work on equipment like the TD-18 without risking frostbite.
Cold Weather Equipment Practices
Operating in such harsh conditions requires specialized maintenance routines:

• Use of synthetic gear oils rated for -40°C
  
• Frequent greasing of pivot points and sleigh runners
  
• Preheating engines with block heaters or torpedo heaters
  
• Carrying spare fuel filters and hydraulic fluid to combat gelling
  

Overview of the Issue
Owners of the Komatsu D65E‑series (especially the D65E‑6) often report that the steering system loses prime, requires frequent bleeding, or fails to steer properly. Symptoms include recirculating oil, foaming fluid, and the tracks not responding as expected even when the levers and brake pedals are used correctly.
Common Causes

1. Air Ingestion / Loss of Prime
   • The steering pump may suck in air if there is a leak on the suction side.
     
   • Worn or hardened suction lines (rubber hoses) can introduce air, reducing system efficiency.
     
   • Loose or clogged suction strainers under the floor can compromise oil draw, causing pump cavitation.
     
2. Worn Steering Pump
   • Several technicians on forums conclude the steering pump is worn when repeated bleeding doesn’t fix loss of prime.
     
   • Replacing the pump has resolved the issue for some users, restoring consistent steering fluid pressure.
     
3. Hydraulic Clutch or Band Wear
   • The steering system in these dozers uses clutch packs and brake bands. Wear in these components can allow fluid to escape internally, reducing pressure needed for steering.
     
   • Duplicate leaks or internal losses may make the system feel “airy” or weak, even if there is no large visible external leak.
     
4. Low or Contaminated Steering Oil
   • Incorrect oil level or degraded hydraulic fluid can lead to foaming, worsening performance and creating “air” symptoms.
     
   • Because steering and transmission have separate oil sumps, contamination or overfill can lead to cross issues, but that’s less common.
     

• Remove the floor plates on the operator’s left side to access the steering filter housing and suction strainer.
  
• Press a hydraulic pressure gauge into the steering valve test port (often located at the back of the machine) and run the engine. Pressure should reach around 250–300 psi during operation.
  
• Inspect suction hoses for cracking, pinholes, or anything that might let air in.
  
• Check steering fluid level at the correct fill port. On many D65E models, the fill/check plug is on the rear, above the final drive.
  
• If the steering pump is suspect, remove and inspect it or replace it, especially if air ingestion or foaming persists.
  

• Fix or Replace Suction Lines: Use quality hoses, checked for rigidness and free of cracks, and ensure all fittings are tight.
  
• Bleed Properly: After any service, purge air from the system via the bleed plug on the steering filter housing.
  
• Replace Steering Pump: A known remedy. Users report good results after installing a new or remanufactured pump.
  
• Maintain Fluid: Use recommended hydraulic oil, keep it clean, and replace if contaminated, foamy, or discolored.
  
• Monitor Clutches/Bands: During service, check the condition of steering clutches and brake bands. Excessive wear might require rebuild or replacement.
  

Model Evolution and Naming Strategy
Caterpillar’s 349 and 352 excavators belong to the Next Generation series, which replaced the earlier F-series models. The company, founded in 1925, has long been a leader in earthmoving equipment, and its naming convention shifted in recent years to drop the letter suffixes, simplifying model identification. Both machines are part of the 50-ton class and were designed to deliver higher efficiency, lower fuel consumption, and reduced maintenance costs compared to their predecessors.
The CAT 349 replaces the 349F, while the CAT 352 succeeds the 352F. Despite their similar tonnage, the two machines serve slightly different roles in the field, with the 352 offering more lifting capacity and structural reinforcement for heavier-duty applications.
Core Specifications Comparison
While both excavators share many features, they differ in a few key areas:

• Operating Weight
  • CAT 349: ~107,500 lbs
    
  • CAT 352: ~115,000 lbs
    
• Engine Power
  • CAT 349: 424 hp
    
  • CAT 352: 443 hp
    
• Maximum Dig Depth
  • CAT 349: ~26.9 ft
    
  • CAT 352: ~27.1 ft
    
• Bucket Capacity Range
  • CAT 349: 1.75–5.75 yd³
    
  • CAT 352: 2.0–6.13 yd³
    
• Lift Capacity at Ground Level
  • CAT 349: ~42,000 lbs
    
  • CAT 352: ~47,000 lbs
    

• Up to 45% more operating efficiency
  
• 10% better fuel economy
  
• 15% lower maintenance costs
  

• Choose the CAT 349 if you need a versatile excavator for general earthmoving, trenching, and moderate lifting.
  
• Opt for the CAT 352 if your work involves heavy lifting, large attachments, or deep excavation in tough conditions.
  
• Consider upgrading to Advanced 2D or 3D Grade Control if precision and slope accuracy are critical.
  
• Evaluate transport logistics, as the 352 may require additional permitting due to its weight.