Troubleshooting Hydraulic Failure in Skid Steer Loaders

[MikePhua]

Skid steer loaders are an essential tool for many industries, from construction to landscaping. Known for their maneuverability and versatility, these machines are capable of handling a wide range of tasks, from lifting heavy loads to digging and grading. However, as with all heavy equipment, skid steers can encounter issues that affect their performance. One such problem is hydraulic failure, which can significantly impact the loader’s functionality. In this article, we will explore the potential causes of hydraulic failure in skid steer loaders, specifically the John Deere 216B, and offer guidance on diagnosing and fixing these issues.
Understanding the Hydraulic System in a Skid Steer
The hydraulic system in a skid steer is critical for powering various functions, such as the bucket lift, tilt, and drive motors. It consists of several components, including a pump, valves, cylinders, hoses, and a fluid reservoir. The hydraulic pump is responsible for circulating hydraulic fluid, which creates the pressure needed to perform work. When any part of this system fails, it can lead to a loss of function, rendering the machine unusable.
Common symptoms of hydraulic failure include sluggish movement of the lift arms, unresponsive bucket controls, or a complete lack of motion in the skid steer. In the case of the John Deere 216B skid steer, users have reported complete hydraulic failure, which can leave operators stranded in the middle of a project.
Common Causes of Hydraulic Failure in Skid Steer Loaders
Hydraulic failure can occur for a variety of reasons, ranging from simple issues like low fluid levels to more complex problems such as a failed pump or clogged filter. Below are some of the most common causes of hydraulic failure:

1. Low Hydraulic Fluid Levels: One of the simplest causes of hydraulic failure is low fluid levels. If the fluid level drops too low, the pump will not be able to generate the required pressure, leading to sluggish or unresponsive performance. This can happen if there is a leak in the system or if the fluid has been used up due to extended operation without proper maintenance.
   
2. Contaminated Hydraulic Fluid: Contaminants such as dirt, water, or metal shavings can enter the hydraulic fluid system, causing damage to the pump, valves, and other components. Contaminated fluid can result in erratic operation, overheating, or even complete failure of the hydraulic system.
   
3. Faulty Hydraulic Pump: The hydraulic pump is the heart of the system, responsible for generating the pressure that powers the skid steer’s movements. If the pump becomes worn out or damaged, it may not generate enough pressure to operate the machine’s hydraulics, leading to a complete failure of the system. This can be caused by wear and tear, poor maintenance, or a manufacturing defect.
   
4. Clogged Hydraulic Filters: The hydraulic filters are designed to trap debris and contaminants from the fluid before it circulates through the system. Over time, these filters can become clogged, restricting the flow of fluid and reducing the system’s ability to generate pressure. In severe cases, a clogged filter can cause complete hydraulic failure.
   
5. Damaged Hydraulic Hoses or Fittings: Leaking hoses or damaged fittings can allow hydraulic fluid to escape, reducing the pressure in the system. A simple hose leak can cause the machine to lose power, and if left unaddressed, it can lead to more serious issues like pump failure or hydraulic fluid contamination.
   
6. Faulty Valves or Controls: The valves and control systems in a skid steer are responsible for directing hydraulic fluid to the appropriate parts of the machine. If these valves malfunction, it can prevent the fluid from reaching the lift arms, bucket, or drive motors, leading to hydraulic failure.
   

Diagnosing the Problem
When faced with a hydraulic failure, it’s crucial to perform a thorough inspection of the system to identify the root cause. Below are the steps to take when diagnosing hydraulic issues in a skid steer loader:

1. Check Hydraulic Fluid Levels: Begin by checking the hydraulic fluid levels in the reservoir. Low fluid levels are often the simplest and quickest fix. If the fluid is low, top it up with the recommended type of hydraulic oil. Be sure to inspect the system for any visible leaks that may be causing the fluid loss.
   
2. Inspect for Leaks: Check all hydraulic hoses, fittings, and connections for signs of leakage. Leaks are one of the most common causes of low hydraulic fluid, and they can often be the source of power loss. If a leak is found, repair or replace the affected component before refilling the system with fresh fluid.
   
3. Examine the Hydraulic Pump: A worn-out or malfunctioning hydraulic pump can be difficult to diagnose without professional equipment. However, if the fluid level is correct and there are no leaks, yet the skid steer still experiences sluggish or unresponsive movement, the pump may be the culprit. In this case, the pump should be tested for pressure output and inspected for signs of damage or wear.
   
4. Check the Hydraulic Filters: Over time, hydraulic filters can become clogged with contaminants, restricting fluid flow and reducing system efficiency. Remove and inspect the filters for any signs of dirt or debris. If the filters are clogged, they should be cleaned or replaced. Ensure that the new filters are installed properly and the system is flushed before adding fresh fluid.
   
5. Test the Control Valves: Faulty control valves can prevent the proper flow of hydraulic fluid to the necessary components. If the hydraulic pump is functioning correctly and the fluid levels are adequate, the issue may lie within the valves or control system. Testing the valves and electrical components can help determine if they are malfunctioning.
   

Preventative Maintenance for Skid Steer Hydraulics
The best way to prevent hydraulic failure is through regular maintenance. Skid steer owners should implement a routine inspection schedule to monitor the health of the hydraulic system. Some key maintenance practices include:

1. Regular Fluid Checks: Always check the hydraulic fluid levels before operating the machine. Ensure that the fluid is at the correct level and top it up if necessary.
   
2. Routine Filter Changes: Replace hydraulic filters regularly to prevent clogging and ensure that the fluid remains clean and free of contaminants.
   
3. Inspect Hoses and Fittings: Periodically inspect the hydraulic hoses and fittings for signs of wear, cracks, or leaks. Replace any damaged hoses to prevent fluid loss.
   
4. Use Quality Hydraulic Fluid: Always use the manufacturer’s recommended hydraulic fluid for your skid steer. Using the wrong type of fluid can lead to performance issues and system damage.
   
5. Schedule Professional Inspections: If you suspect a more serious issue with the hydraulic system, consider scheduling a professional inspection. A trained technician can use diagnostic equipment to check the pump, valves, and other critical components for issues.
   

Conclusion
Hydraulic failure in skid steer loaders can be caused by a variety of factors, from low fluid levels to faulty pumps and valves. Diagnosing and addressing these issues promptly can prevent further damage and minimize downtime. By performing regular maintenance, using quality hydraulic fluids, and keeping an eye out for signs of wear and tear, skid steer owners can ensure their machines continue to perform at peak efficiency.