When it comes to the maintenance and repair of heavy equipment, one of the most critical aspects to consider is the proper selection and sizing of hoses. The hydraulic system, which powers many components of heavy machinery, relies heavily on hoses to transfer pressurized fluid from one part of the system to another. Choosing the correct hose size is essential to maintaining optimal performance, preventing system failures, and ensuring safety.
In this article, we will explore the importance of hose sizing, the factors that affect hose selection, and the best practices for ensuring that the hoses used in heavy equipment are properly sized and installed.
1. The Importance of Proper Hose Sizing
Hose sizing may seem like a simple task, but it plays a vital role in the functionality and longevity of hydraulic systems. Incorrectly sized hoses can lead to various issues, such as:

• Pressure Loss: A hose that is too small can restrict the flow of hydraulic fluid, leading to a significant drop in pressure. This can reduce the performance of the equipment, especially in high-demand applications.
  
• Excessive Heat: Smaller hoses may increase friction and cause the hydraulic fluid to overheat. Overheated fluid can damage the entire hydraulic system, leading to costly repairs.
  
• System Failures: Undersized or improperly installed hoses are more prone to failure under pressure, potentially causing leaks, ruptures, or even catastrophic breakdowns.
  

• High Flow Rate: For applications that require a large volume of fluid to move quickly, such as in lifting or pushing operations, larger diameter hoses are necessary to prevent significant pressure drops and maintain system efficiency.
  
• Low Flow Rate: Smaller hoses are suitable for systems that require lower fluid volumes. In such systems, smaller hoses can maintain pressure without excessive volume loss, but it is still important to avoid going too small as this can create resistance.
  

• Pressure Resistance: Hose walls are designed to handle certain pressures, and exceeding the hose’s pressure rating can lead to ruptures or leaks. Selecting a hose with a pressure rating higher than the system's maximum pressure ensures that the hose will not fail under normal operating conditions.
  
• Burst Pressure: It is also important to consider the burst pressure—the maximum pressure the hose can handle before failure. Always ensure that the hose's burst pressure exceeds the maximum system pressure to provide a safety margin.
  

• Long Hoses: For applications requiring long hoses, consider increasing the hose diameter to compensate for the added length. This ensures that the fluid flow is not hindered by friction.
  
• Short Hoses: Shorter hoses generally require smaller diameters, but they still need to be sized to accommodate the system’s pressure and flow rate.
  

• Temperature Variations: Hydraulic systems can operate in a range of temperatures, from sub-zero conditions to extreme heat. The hose material must be able to withstand these temperature fluctuations without becoming brittle or losing flexibility.
  
• Environmental Protection: If the hose is exposed to harsh conditions (e.g., high pressure, UV rays, or chemicals), the hose material must be resistant to wear and degradation. Materials like polyurethane or rubber with special coatings are commonly used for hoses exposed to such conditions.
  

• Fluid Compatibility: Ensure that the hose material is compatible with the hydraulic fluid to prevent degradation. For example, certain rubber hoses may degrade faster when exposed to certain chemicals or high temperatures.
  

• Rubber: Often used for general hydraulic applications, rubber hoses are flexible, durable, and resistant to wear and tear. They are suitable for moderate-pressure systems and environments where flexibility is essential.
  
• Thermoplastic: These hoses offer excellent chemical resistance and are often used in high-pressure, high-temperature applications. Thermoplastic hoses are also lighter and more flexible than rubber hoses, making them ideal for use in environments with restricted space.
  
• Metal (Stainless Steel): Metal hoses are typically used in extreme conditions where flexibility is required, but the hose needs to withstand high pressures, high temperatures, or abrasive conditions.
  
• Wire-Reinforced: These hoses are designed for high-pressure systems and are reinforced with braided steel or other metallic materials to prevent burst failures. They are commonly used in heavy-duty applications like construction and mining equipment.
  

Introduction
In the rugged backwoods of North America, bears have long been known for their intelligence, curiosity, and occasional mischief. But a peculiar pattern has emerged among equipment operators and rural residents: bears showing an inexplicable attraction to petroleum products. From diesel thefts to gear lube chewing, these encounters blur the line between wildlife behavior and industrial nuisance. This article explores the phenomenon, offers technical insights, and shares real-world anecdotes that highlight the strange relationship between bears and machinery.
Key Terminology

• Petroleum Products
  Refined substances derived from crude oil, including gasoline, diesel, motor oil, gear lube, and hydraulic fluid.
  
• Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
  Chemical compounds that easily vaporize and emit strong odors, often found in fuels and lubricants.
  
• Plasticizer Migration
  The process by which additives in plastics leach out over time, potentially attracting animals due to scent or taste.
  
• Biodegradable Insulation
  Electrical wire coatings made with plant-based oils (e.g., peanut oil), which can attract wildlife like rodents—and apparently bears.
  

• Curiosity and Novelty
  Bears are naturally inquisitive and may investigate unfamiliar scents or objects.
  
• Chemical Stimulation
  Certain hydrocarbons may trigger neurological responses similar to pheromones or food-related stimuli.
  
• Learned Behavior
  Bears that associate fuel containers with human activity may link them to potential food sources.
  

• The Gas Can Thief
  In Oregon, a bear was photographed carrying a full one-gallon gas can in its mouth. The can was never recovered, suggesting the bear traveled a considerable distance with it.
  
• Diesel Destruction
  Near a backhoe, a bear tore open multiple five-gallon diesel containers, leaving behind shredded plastic and a lingering fuel spill.
  
• Motor Oil Mayhem
  In Pennsylvania, used motor oil jugs stored near an outdoor fireplace vanished overnight. Days later, they were found torn apart on a neighbor’s property—courtesy of a bear.
  
• Gear Lube Gourmet
  In Alaska, bears were reported chewing on expensive buckets of gear lube and even biting into underground airfield power cables.
  
• Wood Splitter Incident
  A bear bit a hole in the plastic fuel tank of a wood splitter stored in the woods, causing a slow leak and eventual equipment failure.
  

• Fuel Contamination
  Bears puncturing fuel containers can lead to environmental spills, soil contamination, and fire hazards.
  
• Equipment Damage
  Chewed wires, punctured tanks, and shredded containers result in costly repairs and downtime.
  
• Human-Wildlife Conflict
  Bears associating machinery with food or stimulation may become habituated, increasing the risk of aggressive encounters.
  

• Peanut Oil-Based Insulation
  Used in some electrical cables, this can lure rodents and bears alike.
  
• Soy-Based Plastics
  Found in automotive and machinery parts, these may be mistaken for food by animals with keen noses.
  

• “Oregon Huffing Bears”
  A nickname for bears that seem addicted to fuel vapors.
  
• “Arsonist Bears”
  Jokes about bears starting fires, flipping the narrative of Smokey Bear’s fire prevention campaign.
  
• “Elon Musk Oxen”
  A humorous reference to electrifying livestock in response to bear-induced fuel losses.
  

Tracked harvester carriers are an essential piece of equipment in forestry operations, designed to provide both stability and mobility in challenging terrains. These machines are crucial for transporting timber harvesting machinery, including feller bunchers, harvesters, and processors. In this article, we explore the design, functionality, and key considerations when selecting or maintaining tracked harvester carriers. Additionally, we'll look at some common issues faced by operators and offer tips for improving performance and longevity.
What Are Tracked Harvester Carriers?
A tracked harvester carrier is a specialized vehicle designed to transport large, heavy harvesting equipment across rough and uneven ground. These carriers are equipped with tracks instead of wheels, offering enhanced traction and stability in soft, muddy, or steep environments. They are particularly beneficial in forestry applications where traditional wheeled vehicles would struggle to navigate.
Key Components

• Tracks: The tracks distribute the vehicle's weight over a larger surface area, reducing ground pressure and providing superior traction on uneven and soft terrains.
  
• Hydraulic System: Tracked carriers often feature a powerful hydraulic system that can be used to tilt, lift, and stabilize harvesting equipment. This system is essential for maintaining proper positioning during operation.
  
• Chassis: The chassis serves as the frame of the carrier, holding all the components together. It must be designed for strength and durability to handle the harsh conditions of forestry work.
  
• Cab: The operator's cab is where the driver controls the carrier. In modern models, these cabins are often air-conditioned, fully enclosed, and equipped with ergonomic controls to ensure operator comfort.
  

Introduction
The New Holland LB75.B backhoe loader, equipped with a Cummins/Iveco engine and Bosch injection pump, is a robust machine often found in municipal fleets and contractor yards. However, when it comes to replacing or timing the injection pump, operators and mechanics may encounter unexpected hurdles—especially when service manuals fail to reflect the actual engine configuration. This article explores the intricacies of timing the LB75.B’s injection pump, clarifies key terminology, and shares real-world insights from seasoned technicians.
Understanding the Injection Pump System
The LB75.B uses a Bosch rotary injection pump mounted to the engine’s timing gear housing. Proper timing ensures fuel is delivered at the correct moment in the combustion cycle, critical for performance, emissions, and engine longevity.
Key Terminology

• TDC (Top Dead Center)
  The highest point of piston travel in the cylinder. Timing is often set relative to TDC on cylinder #1.
  
• Timing Marks
  Reference points stamped or etched on gears, flywheels, or pump flanges used to align components during installation.
  
• Flywheel Lock Pin
  A mechanical pin inserted into the flywheel housing to lock the engine at TDC during timing procedures.
  
• Dry Shaft Installation
  A method where the injection pump’s input shaft is installed without lubrication to prevent hydraulic lock or misalignment.
  

• Use the Flywheel Lock Pin
  Locate and insert the pin to secure the engine at TDC. This provides a reliable reference point for pump alignment.
  
• Verify Pump Lock Position
  Most Bosch pumps have a locking mechanism to hold the internal rotor in the timed position. Engage this before installation.
  
• Avoid Lubricating the Input Shaft
  Install the pump dry to prevent hydraulic interference with gear engagement.
  
• Inspect for Hidden Retainers
  If the pump gear resists removal, check for plates or fasteners behind the bell housing. Use a gear puller if necessary.
  
• Cross-Reference Serial Numbers
  Industrial models may differ from agricultural versions. Use the machine’s serial number to verify engine configuration.
  

• Documentation Isn’t Always Reliable
  Service manuals may not reflect real-world configurations. Always verify visually.
  
• Timing Is Precision, Not Guesswork
  Even a single tooth misalignment can cause performance issues or engine damage.
  
• Community Knowledge Matters
  Field technicians often share insights that fill gaps left by official documentation. These stories are invaluable.
  

The Doosan excavators are well-regarded for their durability and performance in demanding construction environments. One of the crucial components that contribute to the performance of these machines is the swing motor. The swing motor is responsible for controlling the rotation of the machine’s upper structure, providing the excavator with the flexibility to maneuver efficiently while performing various tasks. In this article, we will delve into the role of the swing motor in Doosan excavators, explore common issues that arise, and discuss how to address them.
1. The Role of the Swing Motor in Excavators
The swing motor is part of the slew system, which enables the rotation of the upper structure of the excavator—namely, the cabin, arm, and boom—independently of the undercarriage. The main function of the swing motor is to rotate the upper part of the excavator to allow the operator to position the boom for precise digging, lifting, and dumping tasks.
The swing motor operates hydraulically, powered by the excavator's hydraulic system. It receives fluid from the hydraulic pump, which is typically powered by the engine. This motor works in conjunction with the swing bearing and slew ring, translating hydraulic pressure into rotational movement.
Here’s how the system works:

• Hydraulic Pressure: Hydraulic fluid from the pump enters the swing motor, creating pressure that forces the motor to rotate.
  
• Swing Bearing: The motor’s power is transmitted to the swing bearing, which is a large circular component that enables the upper structure to rotate smoothly around its center.
  
• Slew Ring: The slew ring, connected to the upper structure, provides the surface on which the excavator can rotate, helping distribute the forces and ensuring that the movement is stable and controlled.
  

• Low Hydraulic Fluid: Insufficient hydraulic fluid levels can cause a lack of pressure in the system, resulting in the swing motor struggling to operate at full capacity.
  
• Contaminated Hydraulic Fluid: Dirt, debris, or other contaminants in the hydraulic fluid can clog the motor, causing it to operate inefficiently.
  
• Worn Swing Motor: Over time, the components within the swing motor, such as the seals or gears, can wear out, leading to decreased performance and erratic movement.
  

• Insufficient Lubrication: Lack of lubrication in the swing motor’s moving parts can cause friction, leading to noise and potential damage.
  
• Damaged Bearings: The swing motor relies on bearings to allow smooth rotation. If these bearings are damaged or worn out, they may cause grinding noises.
  
• Excessive Wear: General wear on internal components, such as gears or shafts, can also contribute to abnormal noise levels.
  

• Damaged Seals: The seals that protect the swing motor from contaminants and prevent fluid leakage can deteriorate over time, especially if the motor is exposed to harsh conditions.
  
• Cracked Hoses or Fittings: Hydraulic hoses and fittings connected to the swing motor can become damaged due to abrasion or impact, leading to leaks.
  

• Internal Hydraulic Failures: If the internal hydraulic components of the swing motor fail, the motor will be unable to provide the necessary force for rotation.
  
• Swing Motor Gearbox Failure: If the gearbox within the swing motor becomes damaged, it can prevent the transfer of rotational power to the swing bearing.
  
• Faulty Swing Control Valve: A malfunction in the control valve, which regulates the flow of hydraulic fluid to the swing motor, can result in the complete loss of swing functionality.
  

• Regularly Check Hydraulic Fluid: Ensure the hydraulic fluid is at the correct level and is free from contaminants. Regular fluid changes are essential to keep the swing motor operating efficiently.
  
• Lubricate the Swing Motor: Regular lubrication of the swing motor’s moving parts is necessary to reduce friction and prevent wear. Follow the manufacturer’s guidelines for the type and frequency of lubrication.
  
• Inspect Seals and Bearings: Regularly inspect the swing motor’s seals and bearings for signs of wear. Replace any damaged parts immediately to avoid larger issues down the road.
  
• Clean the System: If contaminants are found in the hydraulic system, it’s important to clean the system thoroughly to avoid clogging the swing motor and other components.
  
• Use Genuine Parts: When replacing parts, always use genuine Doosan parts to ensure compatibility and reliability.
  

Air brakes are a vital component in heavy machinery and commercial vehicles, offering increased reliability and safety in operation. These brakes work by using compressed air to activate brake components, providing substantial stopping power. In this article, we will explore the essential functionality of air brakes, how they work, common issues, maintenance best practices, and troubleshooting tips to ensure that the braking system performs optimally.
How Air Brakes Work
Air brake systems are widely used in heavy vehicles, construction machinery, and trailers due to their ability to provide consistent and powerful braking force, especially for larger vehicles. The fundamental principle behind air brakes is the conversion of air pressure into mechanical force that activates the brake pads or shoes.
The main components of an air brake system include:

• Compressor: The compressor pressurizes air and stores it in a tank.
  
• Air Tanks: Air tanks store compressed air that is used to apply pressure to the brake system.
  
• Brake Pedal: This is the part of the system the operator presses to activate the brakes.
  
• Brake Chambers: Located at each wheel, these chambers contain diaphragms that are activated by air pressure to engage the brakes.
  
• Relay Valve: This component is responsible for regulating the flow of air from the air tanks to the brake chambers.
  
• Air Dryer: The air dryer ensures that the compressed air remains free of moisture and contaminants, which could affect the braking performance.
  

In the world of fieldwork, particularly environmental science, geology, and construction, sample collection plays a critical role. Often, the quality and accuracy of the data collected can directly impact the outcomes of a project, study, or experiment. A commonly used tool for this purpose is the soda bottle, which serves as an accessible, efficient, and surprisingly reliable container for gathering samples. This article explores the concept of using soda bottles for sample collection, examining their benefits, limitations, and best practices.
1. Why Use Soda Bottles for Sample Collection?
Soda bottles, typically made from plastic, are one of the most readily available and versatile options for sample collection. These bottles are commonly repurposed for collecting soil, water, air, or other environmental samples, offering a cost-effective solution. Here's why soda bottles are so frequently used in various fields:

• Availability: Soda bottles are ubiquitous. Most people have access to them, and they are easy to obtain in bulk.
  
• Cost-Effective: Unlike specialized containers or lab-grade sampling tools, soda bottles are inexpensive. For many professionals working in the field, this makes them a practical option when large numbers of samples need to be collected, especially in resource-limited settings.
  
• Ease of Use: With a simple design and easy-to-open cap, soda bottles are user-friendly, requiring no complicated procedures or special equipment to collect samples.
  
• Disposable: After use, soda bottles are disposable, eliminating the need for cleaning and sterilization between sample collections. This can be particularly useful for one-time or single-use collections in remote locations.
  

• Water Samples: In environmental studies, soda bottles are often used to collect water samples from lakes, rivers, and streams. The transparency of the plastic allows field workers to visually inspect the water for contaminants before analyzing it further in the lab.
  
• Soil and Sediment Samples: For geologists and environmental engineers, soda bottles are sometimes used to collect soil or sediment samples. These bottles can be filled with materials from construction sites, landfills, or other areas of interest.
  
• Air Samples: Air quality monitoring often involves the collection of airborne particulates, dust, or pollutants. Soda bottles can be adapted for air sampling using a vacuum or other collection methods that draw air into the bottle.
  
• Biological Samples: In some cases, soda bottles are used to collect biological samples such as plant material, insects, or even animal tracks, particularly when more specialized containers are not necessary.
  

• Cleaning: Ensure that the bottle is thoroughly cleaned and free from any contaminants from previous use. Rinse it with water and soap, and for more delicate sample types like water, a wash with a mild disinfectant (e.g., diluted bleach) may be necessary. Allow the bottle to air-dry completely to avoid introducing any foreign substances.
  
• Sterilization: For more sensitive biological samples, it is crucial to sterilize the bottle. This can be done by soaking the bottle in a sterilizing solution or by using an autoclave if available. This step ensures that no bacteria or other microorganisms are present to interfere with the sample.
  
• Labeling: Proper labeling is essential for tracking and organizing your samples. Mark the bottle with the date, time, location, and other relevant details of the sample collection. Use waterproof markers or permanent ink to ensure that the label remains legible, even if the bottle gets wet.
  
• Prepping the Cap: Some samples may require additional measures, such as sealing the cap with a piece of wax or tape to prevent any leakage or contamination. This is particularly important when samples need to be transported for a long distance.
  

• Avoid Contamination: Always use clean hands and gloves when handling the bottles and samples. Contamination can occur from something as simple as touching the inside of the bottle or cap with unclean hands. The goal is to keep the sample pure for accurate analysis later.
  
• Proper Sampling Techniques: For liquid samples, ensure that the bottle is fully submerged to avoid collecting surface contaminants, which may alter the sample's properties. For soil or sediment samples, scoop the material in a way that ensures the sample is representative of the area you are testing.
  
• Minimize Air Exposure: In some cases, exposure to air can degrade the sample, especially for volatile compounds or certain biological materials. If the sample is sensitive to air or temperature, limit exposure by closing the bottle as quickly as possible.
  
• Use Appropriate Bottles for Different Samples: Depending on the sample type, some bottles may need additional modifications. For instance, air-tight seals may be needed for water or soil samples to prevent evaporation or contamination.
  

• Not Suitable for High-Precision Samples: For high-stakes or very sensitive analyses, professional-grade sample containers that are specifically designed for that purpose may be more appropriate.
  
• Chemical Compatibility: Some chemicals or solvents may degrade plastic over time, potentially compromising the integrity of the sample. For these types of collections, glass bottles or specialized containers may be necessary.
  
• Potential Contamination Risk: Even with cleaning, there’s always the risk that a soda bottle could still harbor contaminants from previous use, affecting the sample's integrity.
  
• Limited Durability: Soda bottles, being made of plastic, can crack or break if mishandled. This could lead to spills, lost samples, or damage to the integrity of the sample.
  

Introduction
The Takeuchi TB800 is a compact excavator that hails from the early 1990s, a time when Japanese engineering was rapidly evolving to meet the demands of smaller contractors and utility crews. Though not widely documented, the TB800 has earned a quiet reputation among seasoned operators for its rugged simplicity and surprising capability. This article explores its mechanical traits, common issues, and the stories that surround its legacy.
Historical Context and Design Philosophy
Takeuchi, founded in 1963, was among the pioneers of compact construction equipment. By the late 1980s and early 1990s, the company had refined its mini-excavator designs to suit tight urban job sites and utility work. The TB800, weighing approximately 4,300 lbs, was part of this wave—offering hydraulic precision in a small footprint.
Its original color scheme was orange and black, typical of early Takeuchi branding. However, many units have since been repainted in the modern gray and red palette, often leading to confusion about their age.
Key Terminology

• Powered Thumb: A hydraulically actuated attachment that allows the bucket to grasp materials, improving versatility for demolition and material handling.
  
• Drive Sprocket Pitch: The spacing between teeth on the sprocket that engages the track links. Mismatched pitch can cause binding or slapping during travel.
  
• Track Tension: The tightness of the rubber or steel tracks. Over-tensioning can lead to premature wear or mechanical failure.
  
• Serial Number Lookup: A method to determine the manufacturing year by referencing the machine’s serial number with the manufacturer.
  

In the world of construction, the phrase "Hoe Man" holds a special place. It refers to a skilled laborer who operates a backhoe or excavator, a crucial role in many construction projects. These workers, often underappreciated and overlooked, play a vital role in everything from digging foundations to landscaping, roadwork, and utility installation. This article takes a deeper look into the life of a Hoe Man, their skills, challenges, and contributions to the construction industry.
1. The Role of the Hoe Man in Construction
The "Hoe Man" is an essential figure on construction sites, tasked with operating heavy machinery like backhoes and excavators. Their work often involves digging trenches, foundations, and pits for utilities, roads, and buildings. While backhoes are typically used for smaller, more precise tasks, excavators handle heavier lifting and digging, often for larger projects.
Their role extends beyond just operating machinery; they must also have an understanding of the machinery’s maintenance, the construction site layout, and safety protocols. A skilled Hoe Man can make the difference between a smooth-running project and costly delays.
2. The Essential Skills of a Hoe Man
Operating a backhoe or excavator requires precision, quick thinking, and a deep understanding of the machine. Some of the key skills include:

• Machine Control: The operator must have excellent hand-eye coordination to control the hydraulics of the backhoe or excavator. Whether it's for scooping material, digging a precise trench, or lifting heavy objects, each movement needs to be deliberate.
  
• Safety Awareness: Safety is paramount in any construction environment. A Hoe Man must be aware of their surroundings, especially when operating near other machinery, workers, and structures. They must ensure they are following safety protocols to prevent accidents and injuries.
  
• Problem-Solving: Every construction site is different. Obstacles such as unexpected underground obstacles, tough soil, or poor weather conditions can pose challenges. A Hoe Man needs to think on their feet and adapt to ensure that the work is completed on time and to spec.
  
• Mechanical Knowledge: While they aren't mechanics, a skilled Hoe Man must have a basic understanding of how the machinery works. This includes knowing how to perform simple maintenance tasks like checking fluid levels, cleaning filters, and identifying when something isn't working correctly.
  

• Working in Tight Spaces: Many excavation tasks require precision, and working in tight spaces with heavy equipment can be difficult. The operator must constantly be aware of their surroundings to avoid damage to nearby structures or equipment.
  
• Changing Weather Conditions: Rain, snow, or extreme heat can all affect the productivity of a Hoe Man. Wet conditions can make the ground slippery and muddy, while excessive heat can cause fatigue and dehydration. Dealing with these conditions requires resilience and adaptability.
  
• Equipment Malfunctions: While backhoes and excavators are generally reliable machines, they are still prone to malfunctions. Hydraulic failures, engine trouble, or malfunctioning controls can cause delays and potentially dangerous situations.
  
• Physical Demands: Operating heavy machinery for extended periods can take a toll on the body. A Hoe Man often faces long hours in the operator’s seat, and the physical demands of controlling the machine can lead to fatigue and strain on the back, shoulders, and wrists.
  

When it comes to excavators like the Hitachi EX100 and EX120, the track rail height is a crucial factor that affects overall machine performance, stability, and longevity. The height of the track rails can impact how the machine operates on various terrains, its digging capabilities, and the wear and tear on the undercarriage system. In this article, we will explore the importance of track rail height on these models, what factors can influence it, and how to maintain and troubleshoot issues related to the track rail height.
Understanding Track Rail Height
Track rail height refers to the distance between the ground and the upper surface of the track, specifically the height of the track's top roller or the rail itself. The height directly influences the machine’s stability and how it handles various conditions, including wet or uneven ground. On excavators like the Hitachi EX100 and EX120, track rail height plays a role in determining:

• Ground Clearance: How high the undercarriage sits off the ground, which affects the machine's ability to operate in rough or muddy conditions.
  
• Track Tension: The tension in the track system is affected by the height of the rail, as it influences the track's contact with the ground and the rollers.
  
• Stability: Proper track rail height ensures that the machine remains stable during lifting, digging, and turning operations.